f!4 THK WHITE PINK. 



to till' ]i«'rceiitii}jt' of jjonniiijition. In ordinary (-olloctinj,' tlm jiercontagc^ of pt'iminatinfj secicls 

 may not cxi^eed 7."> per cent, and, as is indicated in the discussion on seed sui)ply (page 'S.i), it may 

 fall far below this ligiirc in some years. Even if 20,000 to 2.">,0()0 seeds slioukl jieiniinato per 

 pound, it would not be safe to ('ount on more than 5,000 to .S,000 seedlinj^s that will grow to use, 

 and in the transplanting to nursery rows an allowance of at least ~> to 10 pei- cent should be made 

 for lo.sses, so that to secure 10,000 transplants at least lA pounds of seed is needed, to secure 

 which it may take from .'? to 4 bushels of cones. 



Close i)lanting is indicated on account of the dilliculty with which this jiine cleans itself of its 

 l)ran(!hes. It shoulil bo |)laiitcd not more than 4 feet ai)art or, i)r(^ferably, set out in mixture with 

 a shaily, slower growing companion, the lilack 8pruce (i't'ccd nitjrtt) being an ideal choice within 

 its habitat, and of broad-leafed trees the Sugar Maple (Aver sacvharinum), which, for the sake of 

 economy, may be sown between the wider S])aced (S feet or more) ])lants of White Pine. The 

 mixture should not stop here, but otiier kinds chosen with circumspe<-tion from the many that are 

 found associated with the White Pine in its natural habitat should be added, as Chestnut, Yellow, 

 and Ked IJircli, Basswood, Hicdcories, aiul Oaks, and of conifers, the Red Pine, IJemlock, and 

 occasionally in some localities Arborvita'. 



Dr. Fernow has for some time (since 1887) advocated a method of forest planting in which the 

 Muvin or "final harvest crop'' is distinguished from the mere "nurse crop" or "filler,'' when only 

 .">00 or fiOO tiecs per acre, or even less, of the better kinds are set out with care as the main croj), 

 receiving due attention in their further development, and the uurse crop is introduced of the 

 cheapest kinds and in the (dieapest manner to act as soil cover to check weed growth and stimu- 

 late height growth, straight form, and cleaning of the main crop. Tint White Pine would, of 

 course, be a most excellent main crop. 



By the liftieth year or .so the pines, if set out at the rate of 500, will have overtopped the 

 nurse crop, except where trees of the latter have taken the jdace of a failing pine, and their 

 crowns will have closed up, their boles straight and clean, furnishing dear lumber, iflheiiurse 

 crop was projierly chosen and has done its duty. The further management theu would concern 

 itself mostly with gradual thinning out of the main crop to secure the diameter accretion due to 

 increased <'rown development and light. By the one hundredth year it will be reasonable 

 to expect, at least half the trees set out to have reaclmd their highest value in maturity and size, 

 with 15,(HI0 to 20,000 cubic feet to the acre, for the White Pine is not only a rapid grower, but'a 

 large i)ro(lucer, its shade endurance permitting as large a number of trees to develop satisfactorily 

 per acre as the Spiiice, which it outgrows in height and diameter. 



While planting nursery-grown seedlings as a rule furnishes better results, sowing the seeds 

 into i)ermanent sites may, under certain conditions, especially on soils not too prone to weed growth 

 and in the more humid climate of the Northeastern States, prove satisfactory aiul cheaiier. 



Various methods can be employed according to circumstances. On light soils sowing broad- 

 cast on snow may furnish satisfactory results; on heavier soils ])rei)aration of the ground to receive 

 the .seed will prove imlispensable. This may be done by plowing furrows or by hoeing plats of 2 

 or :i feet scpuire (the larger si/e where overgrowing by brushwood is to be feared) and sowing into 

 these in drills or broadcast. Dr. Pernow devised such a method for reclothing cut-over lands on 

 slopes in Pennsylvania grown uj) with brush, where it would be too expensive to prepare the entire 

 ground, lien; the plats were made larger, 4 oi-c\en G feet s(|uare, and into these not only ](iiics were 

 either planted or sown but also a nurse crop surrounding the pines, expectation being that this 

 nurse croi) will jirotect the pines against the encroachment of the surrounding brush growth until 

 the i)ines are tall enough to fight their own battle aiul finally kill out the brush. A fulhir descrip- 

 tion of these |(laiitings is to be found in J>ulletin 17, "Check list of the forest trees of the United 

 States," etc., of the Division of Forestry. 



PLANTING NOTES. 



The following notes on ])lanted groves, their condition, growth, anil results are given a place 

 here as recoiding individual experiences in various parts of the country, without intending to 

 recommend the practices of the planters, which, from the forester's point of view, are faulty in some 

 directions, especially in the oi>eu stand, which is advocatetl : 



In Kastcrn Ma8sa<'linsctt8, particularly in r'l.viiioiitli and liristol cunnties, tliore are niiniernus small liodios <if 

 White Pine that were set out I'roiii lorly to lii'ty years ago, and whoso rapid growth and healthy conditions show that 



