DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 181 



cultivated as varieties. They grow from Achaia 

 through Thessaly (where they cover entire hills), 

 Servia, Asia Minor, the Crimea, and Caucasian 

 countries to Mesopotamia. This species is 

 mostly cultivated in Spain, only rarely in France, 

 Germany (especially in Wiirtemberg and Thurin- 

 gia), and Switzerland, and upon poor and rough 

 places that are not suited for other varieties of 

 wheat. The finding of its fruit in the Lake 

 dwellings belonging to the Stone age of Switzer- 

 land and Hungary, as well as at Hissarlik (Troy, 

 according to Schliemann), proves its great an- 

 tiquity. It is not so often used for bread as for 

 mush and "cracked wheat," and as fodder for 

 cattle. It varies but little. 

 2. Tr. sativum Lam. (in a wider sense), Wheat 

 (Figs. 95-102), original form unknown. Many 

 races and varieties produced by culture, of which 

 those with the rachis articulate are probably 

 most closely related to the original form. The 

 brittleness of the rachis exists, however, in dif- 

 ferent degrees and is correlated with the more or 

 less firm closing of the fruiting glumes. Three 

 races : 

 I. Rachis articulate at maturity ; grain entirely 

 enclosed by the glumes, not falling out 

 when thrashed (however, it is not grown to 

 the glumes). 



1°. Spikes loose, almost four-sided when 

 seen from above ; empty glumes 

 broadly truncate in front, with a 

 very short, obtuse middle tooth, ob- 

 tusely keeled. . a. Tr. sat. Spelta. 

 2°. Spikes very dense, laterally com- 

 pressed ; empty glumes tapering, 

 with an acute middle tooth ; sharply 

 keeled. . . . b. Tr. sat. dicoccum. 

 II. Rachis not articulated at maturity ; grain 

 visible between the somewhat open fruiting 

 glumes, easily falling out. c. Tr. sat. tenax. 



