1] STOLONIFEROUS GRASSES 13 
with intra-vaginal shoots only can only make tufts or 
“tussocks.” Several peculiarities in the habits of grasses 
depend on these facts. The following are the most 
important creeping, or stoloniferous species, contrasted 
with the much more common tufted and the far rarer 
grasses with runners above ground (Fig. 4). Some of 
these (Hlymus, Psamma, &c.) are of great importance as 
sand-binders. 
With intra-vaginal branches only. 
Lolium—slightly stoloniferous. 
Festuca elatior— slightly stoloniferous. 
Avena flavescens—slightly stoloniferous. 
Phleum pratense—no stolons, but may be bulbous. 
Dactylis—no stolons. 
Festuca ovina-—no stolons. 
Poa alpina—no stolons. 
Cynosurus—no stolons. 
With extra-vaginal shoots. 
Arrhenatherum—short stolons, sometimes bulbous. 
Holcus lanatus—creeping. 
Alopecurus pratensis—long stolons. 
Anthoxanthum—slightly stoloniferous. 
Agrostis alba (var. stolonifera)—long stolons and runners. 
Digraphis—long stolons. 
Poa pratensis—long stolons. 
P. trivialis—runners only. 
Festuca heterophylla, Lam.—a variety of F. ovina with slight 
stolons. 
F.. rubra (Linn.)—a variety of /. ovina with long stolons. 
Bromus erectus—no stolons. 
B. inermis—long stolons. 
