78 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO [CH. 
Each vascular bundle has a sheath, but is isolated. 
Sclerenchyma at tips of the ridges dense: smaller bands 
below: strong at margins. Lower cuticle strong. Leaf 
rolls up. 
The flat upper leaves of Festuca rubra (Fig. 20) and F. heterophylla 
are somewhat similar in type. They have stiff hairs on the ridges. 
== Lidges not more than 2—3 times as high as the 
tissue between; each furrow with motor-cells, and 
each vascular bundle joined to epidermis above 
and below by a sclerenchyma girder. 
Brachypodium pinnatum. Smooth. Ridges rounded. 
Hairs rare. The strong sclerenchyma girders below almost 
continuous laterally. Epidermal cells with sinuous thick 
walls, and a few tooth-hairs. 
Note the differences from B. sylvaticum, p. 76. 
Melica nutans, M. uniflora, and Calamagrostis Epigeios also 
come here. 
© © WMotor-cells confined to the innermost 2—4 furrows. 
Sclerenchyma in a continuous band just inside the 
thick cuticle below. 
Festuca duriuscula. The ridges are only about half 
to one-third as high again as the thickness between, and 
the motor-cells in four series at the base of the three 
innermost ridges. Each ridge has only one isolated 
sheathed bundle, without girders. Stomata on the flanks 
of the ridges, and few in number. The sclerenchyma forms 
a thick band just inside the strong cuticle below. The leaf 
is conduplicate, not convolute. 
This applies particularly to the more open leaves: the subulate 
leaves belong to the next type (see Fig. 27). 
Aira canescens and Spartina stricta also come here. 
