376 THE CEREALS IN AMERICA 



the grain remain whole, since if broken its commercial value is 

 reduced about one-half. These unbroken kernels are known 

 as head rice. Great variations exist in different varieties and 

 different grades of rice in the proportion of head rice to broken 

 rice, as well as in the total amount of milled rice produced from 

 a given amount of paddy. No accurate figures can be given of 

 the proportion of head rice to broken rice, but the following 

 illustrates what may be obtained from loo pounds cf a good 

 sample of rough rice : head rice, thirty-seven ; slightly broken, 

 nineteen; very broken, six; polish, three; bran, fifteen; balls 

 and waste, twenty pounds. While as high as fifty per cent or 

 more of head rice may be obtained in some cases, in others 

 none is obtained. The product of American mills is about as 

 follows: clean rice, sixty; polish, four; bran, seventeen; and 

 hulls and waste, nineteen per cent.* 



527. By-Products. — The by-products of rice consist of hulls, 

 bran and polish. The bran is properly composed of the cuticle 

 (503) and the embryo, with a small mixture of hulls which it is 

 not possible to prevent in the milling process. In practice, a 



considerable quantity of hulls is 

 mixed with the bran. This mix- 

 ture, sometimes containing as high 

 as seventy per cent of hulls, is 

 usually referred to in commerce 

 as rice bran, while when the bran 



Characteristic ribbon-like rows of ceils . 



in rice hulls, highly magnified, which IS Comparatively free from hull it 

 serve to identify the ground hulls when jg called rice meal. Both the bran 



used as an adulterant. (After Street.) 



and the polish are also more or 

 less mixed with small particles of broken rice, called grits. Rice 

 hulls are not only of no value as food for domestic animals, but 

 apparently are injurious. They are consumed at the mills as 

 fuel and sold for packing breakable articles and for similar uses. 

 They are also ground and sold as husk meal or star bran. The 



1 Twelfth Census of the United States, Bui, 201, p. 4. 



