SCUM AND SEDIMENT FROM DEFECATION. 403 



half to two-thirds that of skimmed milk, and you are throwing away, at \our 

 works, from three to ten barrels a daj' of it. By using skimmings you would 

 be able to carrj- your hogs from a month to six weeks without giving them 

 any corn at all. I made this fall a pound of pork from eight pounds of meal, 

 and that was the result in Philadelphia, with nothing but skimmings mixed 

 with warm water. 



The President. — A friend in Pennsylvania said he had his fed to his milch- 

 cow. I never tried it, but I have it from a brother of Seth H. Kenney, who 

 has alwaj's worked with him, although I had the opinion that if skimmings 

 were fed to a railcb-cow it would dry her up verj' quickly, but I was assured by 

 him that his cows almost doubled their milk as soon as the mill commenced 

 running and tliej' were fed on skimmings. I would feed it to hogs, and all they 

 wanted of it. I did one j'ear, and my shoats d.d splendidl}-, and my large fat- 

 ting hogs did nicel3- too. It made them fatten verj- fast. Do not give skim- 

 mings to the hogs after it has fermented, give it fresh from the mill, or it will be 

 a damage, and not a benefit. 



Henry Linleij. — I can fully indorse what the president said about feeding it 

 to hogs. I have fed mj' green skimmings a number of yeirs, and I should say 

 we should not give it to them after it has fermented. 1 have had pigs as 

 drunk as could be. I generally give it to them as soon as I can, and the 

 trouble is, I can not get half enough. The hogs prefer skimmings to milk. 



Vinegar from Skimmings. 



The manufacture of vinegar from the skimmings and sediments of 

 defecator, evaporator, and settling tanks, has been by mauy rendered 

 a source of profit. 



It is necessary that the clear liquor be drawn off from the tank con- 

 taining these -waste products before the acetic fermentation begins; 

 since otherwise tlie acetic acid formed will uuite with the lime of the 

 sediment, and destroy the vinegar. After drawing off the clear liquor 

 into barrels, or a fermenting tank, the remaining sediment may be 

 used as a fertilizer. The addition of wash waters to the contents of 

 the scum and sediment tank will sufficiently dilute them to render 

 their content of sugar easily removed. 



It will be found cleaner to use the scum and sediments as food for 

 swine, and reserve in a separate tank the skimmings of the evapo- 

 rator, sweet water from washings, etc. 



The following testimony from those who have made vinegar will be 

 of interest : 



Mr. Powell, of Wisconsin, Mississippi Valley Cane Growers' Association. — 

 I must say a little for my vinegar. I take the settlings and skimmings and 

 run them right outside my mill. I have a large building, 42x85, two stories 

 high. I run them outside in a large tank. I have six large tanks, holding 

 three thousand gallons each, that I use for the storage of sj-rup and vinegar. A 

 great many have wanted to know what process was used to make vinegar. Sim- 



