510 SORGHUM. 



William Frazier, Esofea, Vernon county, Wisconsin. 



1. Juice received from the mill into settling tanks, and drawn from 

 the sediment into a liming tank, where it is treated with milk or cream 

 of lime to neutralization, as shown by blue litmus paper being turned 

 purple. 



2. A long pan, 17 x 3^ feet, divided into compartments of 5, 4, and 

 8 feet, is used in defecation and evaporation to semi-syrup. The 

 limed juice is drawn into the five foot compartment next the chimney, 

 Avhere it is slowly heated, but never boils, and is skimmed once in five 

 or six hours. From this compartment, which is higher than the rest 

 of the pan, it passes to the four foot compartment, where it is heated 

 nearly to boiling, and is skimmed as necessary, and by a gate the 

 clarified juice passes into the eight foot compartment, which is made 

 like a C(jok pan, with divisions 16 inches wide. While passing through 

 this channel of 21 feet, it is rapidly boiled, with the removal of green 

 scum, and then is drawn into a semi-syrup tank, and allowed to settle 

 for about an hour. 



3. To the semi-syrup is added a solution of porous alum, about one 

 pint to 100 gallons of semi-syrup. This solution contains one-half 

 ounce of the porous alum to the pint. 



4. The semi-syrup is drawn from the sediment into a Cook pan, 

 where it is reduced to syrup. The finished syrup runs through a 

 wooden trough, 32 feet long, to a cooler. 



Paul Steck, San Francisco, California. 



1. Juice heated to 120 F., and then neutralized with milk of lime, 

 as shown by litmus test, then heating till the scum forms on surface; 

 steam is shut off, and the juice freed from scum and sediment by 

 passing through filter presses, then through filters of bone-black, 3 feet 

 in diameter and 25 feet long. 



2. The defecated and filtered juice was evaporated to 21° Beaume, 

 in double eflfect apparatus, under 24 inch vacuum. 



3. The semi-syrup, if not clear, is again passed through bone-black 

 filters, and then brought to syrup or sugar test in vacuum pan; syrup 

 from vacuum pan run into crystallization tanks, then purged by cen- 

 trifugals. 



William P. Wlieeler, Chittenango, Neiu Yoi^k. 



1. Juice flowed from mill through straw filter into the receiving and 

 settliug tank, thence into defecator of galvanized iron, where it was 

 heated to 180° F., and by milk of lime just neutralized, as shown by 

 litmus paper; then quickly brought to boiling point ; and, before active 



