INTRODUCTION 13 



spirally arranged scales ; the bracts ^ though relatively small, re- 

 main separate from the scales, except at the very base. Seeds 

 2 to each scale, inverted, winged. 



Finns. 

 Leaves needle-like, usually in bundles of 2, 3, or 5, on short 

 shoots within a common sheath. Long shoots with scale leaves 

 only. Cones woody with persistent scales. 



Picea. 

 Leaves flat or angular, leaving projecting peg-like scars when 

 they fall. Cones pendulous with persistent scales. 



Abies. 

 Branches whorlcd. Leaves needle-like, flat or flattisli, leaving 

 a disc-like scar when they fall. Cones erect, ripening in one year. 

 Scales deciduous from a central axis. 



Psetulotsuga. 

 Habit and foliage of Abies, but leaf scars less prominent. 

 Buds beech-like. Cones pendent, ripening the first year. Scales 

 persistent, bracts markedly three-lobed, trident-like. 



Keteleeria. 

 Leaves flat, with a raised midrib on either surface. Buds 

 roundish. Male flowers in tufts or umbels. Cones erect, lateral, 

 the scales long persistent but ultimately separating from one 

 another. 



Tsuga. 

 Leaves flat or angular, usually in a two-ranked arrangement. 

 Leaf-stalk slender, pressed against the shoot. Cones ovoid or 

 oblong, composed of a few persistent scales. 



Cedrus. 

 Leaves needle-Uke, rigid, scattered on long shoots or tufted 

 on short spurs. Male flowers in erect catkins. Cone scales over- 

 lapping, ultimately deciduous. 



Larix. 

 Leaves arranged as in Cedrus, but deciduous, soft. Male 

 flowers in short spikes, cone scales woody, persistent. 



Pseudolarix. 

 Resembling Larix in its deciduous tufted foliage, but with 

 club-shaped short shoots and spike-like male flowers arranged 

 in umbels. Cone scales deciduous. 



* In Pinus the bract disappears in the ripe cone. 



