256 A HANDBOOK OF CONIFERS 



are, however, good trees at Bicton, Claremont, and elsewhere. 



This is one of the most distinct and ornamental junipers. It 

 seems to do best in a moist climate. 



The wood is burned as incense in Buddhist temples in the 

 Himalaya. 



ainton-Baker, op. cit. ii, 75, No. 1 (1909). 



Juniperus religiosa, Carriere.^ 

 Sacred Juniper. 



J. excelsa Brandis^ (not Bieberstein) ; J. macropoda, Hooker (not Boissier) . 



A tree up to 50 ft. high with a girth of 6-7 ft., or, occasionally, 

 much larger. Leaves similar to those of J. macropoda and J. 

 chinensis. Fruit obvoid, J in. in diameter, bluish black, with a 

 soft, juicy pulp. Seeds 1-3 ovoid, sharp-pointed, with large resin 

 glands. 



Native of the dry inner ranges of the N.W. Himalaya, from 

 Chitral and Kashmu- to Nepal, at altitudes of 5,000-10,000 ft. 

 Wood burned as incense in Buddhist temples. 



Juniperus rigida, Siebold and Zuccarini. (Fig. 57.) 



A bush or small tree of pyramidal habit, attaining in Japan a 

 height of 20-30 ft. Bark thin and scaly, furrowed on old trees. 

 Young shoots with projecting ridges. Leaves awl-shaped, per- 

 sistent for several years, and spreading in whorls of 3, |^-| in. 

 long, tapering from the middle to a sharp point ; swollen and 

 jointed at the base ; upper surface deeply grooved with incurved 

 margins and a white band of stomata scarcely as wide as the green 

 margins ; lower surface green, keeled. Male and female flowers 

 on different trees. Fruit ripening in the second year, black with 

 a glaucous bloom, globose, ^-^ in. wide, usually composed of 6 

 glaucous scales, the upper ones with prominent points at the 

 apex, brownish black when ripe. Seeds 2-3 in each fruit, angled, 

 marked near the base with 3-4 resinous pits, 



J. rigida resembles J. communis, but has a more elegant habit 

 with longer and narrower leaves which are more deeply grooved 

 above. 



It is a native of Japan, where, according to Wilson,^ it is 

 common on grass and shrub -clad mountain slopes from Cent. 

 Hondo, southwards to Kyushu. It is much cultivated by the 

 Japanese in their temple gardens. It has also been found in 

 Manchuria and Corea. J. rigida was introduced into England 

 in 1861 by John G. Veitch, but is rare in cultivation, although 

 it succeeds in the South of England. 



The wood is durable, and is put to many local uses in Japan. 



1 Conif. 41 (1855). « Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. India, 53 8 t. 68 (1874). 



=* Conifers of Japan, 82 (1916) ; Clinton-Baker, op. cit. iii, 11, No. 1 (1913). 



