PINACEiE 447 



ft. Resin ducts prominent, heartwood golden yellow with a 

 pink or reddish shade, turning decidedly reddish on exposure, 

 sapwood cream or pale yellow, annual rings well marked. It is 

 straight-grained, easily worked, finishes well with little shrinkage, is 

 harder and stronger than the wood of F. Strohus, and comparable 

 with that of P. 'ponderosa of W.N. America, P. sylvestris of Europe, 

 and P. densiflora and P. Thunhergii of Japan. Under ordinary 

 conditions it is very durable, but must be treated with creosote or 

 some other preservative if used in contact with the earth. Amongst 

 other uses, it is popular for building construction, joinery, spars, 

 boat-building, box boards, railway sleepers, posts and paving 

 blocks. It is shipped from Montreal and Quebec as square logs, 

 deals, scantlings and boards. The total cut in Canada in 1 9 1 5 was 

 122,387 metric ft. board measure.^ 



P. resinosa is very intolerant of shade and must be grown in 

 pure stands, or with a slower-growing tree that withstands shade. 

 Sugar maple, beech and elm have been recommended as suitable 

 companion trees in America. Good seed years occur at inter- 

 vals of 2-4 years, and there is usually sufficient seed to restock 

 cut over forest. Reproduction is good provided faster-growing 

 species are not present. When plantations are made it is recom- 

 mended that the young trees be spaced 4 ft. apart each way.^ 

 When planted closely it cleans its trunk of lower branches without 

 pruning. 



Light and well-drained loamy or peaty soil containing little 

 or no lime, and never becoming very dry, suit its requirements, 

 whilst it also succeeds on light, sandy soil. It was introduced in 

 1756, and although occasionally grown as an ornamental tree in 

 the British Isles it is less successful than several other species, and 

 cannot be regarded as having any bearing upon sylvicultural 

 problems. One of the finest known specimens in the country, 

 planted in 1851, is at Bayfordbury. 



Elwes and Henry, he. cit. v, 1140 (1910) ; Shaw, Oenus Pinus, p. 51 (1914). 



Pinus rigida, Miller. 

 Northern Pitch Pine. 



Pinus Fraseri, Loddiges ; P. Loddigesii, Loudon ; P. serotina, Long (not 

 Michaux). Black Pine ; Black Norway Pine ; Hard Pine ; Long-leaved 

 Pine ; Longschat Pine ; Rigid Pine ; Sap Pine ; Torch Pine ; Yellow 

 Pine. 



A tree 50-80 ft. high with a trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter and 

 horizontal, spreading branches, forming a pyramidal crown, 

 the trunk often bearing clusters of young shoots. Bark on 

 young trees thin and broken into reddish brown scales ; on old 

 trunks 1 in. thick and deeply and irregularly fissured. Young 



1 Canadian Woods and Structural Timbers, Bull. 59, Forestry Branch, Dept. of 

 the Int.. Canada, p. 42. 



^For. Scr. Circular, CO, U.S. Dept. of Agric. (1907). 



