456 A HANDBOOK OF CONIFERS 



history of this fungus, the secidium stage which appears on the 

 bark of P. Strohus and other five-leaved pines as conspicuous, 

 greyish bodies, enclosing orange-coloured spores, and the telento- 

 spore stage which occurs as small, yellow, dust-like patches on the 

 leaves of black currant bushes. The removal of black currant 

 bushes from the neighbourhood of plantations and the prompt 

 burning of affected pine trees are the best means of checking the 

 spread of the disease. 



Weymouth Pine Aphis (Chermes strobi, Hartig) is another 

 destructive pest. It infests the trunk, branches, young shoots 

 and cones, being most persistent in shade. It is easily recognized 

 by the dense, white, fluffy exudation which bears a resemblance 

 to the protective covering of Beech Coccus, although there is no 

 connection between the two insects. Isolated specimens and 

 small woods should be sprayed with a paraffin wash, but there is 

 no effective means of dealing with large areas of trees. Pre- 

 ventative measures should be adopted by confining plantations 

 to suitable ground in places where favourable climatic conditions 

 prevail, and by fumigating young stock before it leaves the 

 nursery. 



Elwes and Henry, loc. cit. v, 1025 (1910) ; Shaw, Genus Pinus, 36 (1914). 



Pinus sylvestris, Linnaeus. 

 Scots Pine : Yellow Deal. 



Pinus altissima, Ledebour ; P. annena, Koch ; P. borealis, Salisbury ; 

 P. caucasica, Fischer ; P. Friesiana, Wichura ; P. genevensis, Hort. ; 

 P. haguenensis, Loudon ; P. humihs, Link ; P. Kochiana, Klotzsch ; P. pon- 

 tica, Koch ; P. rigensis, Desfontaines ; P. scariosa, Loddiges ; P. tatarica, 

 Miller. Northern Pine ; Scotch Fir ^ ; Scotch Pine ; Wild Pine ; Pin sylves- 

 tre ; Sapin rouge du Nord ; Bois rouge du Nord ; Pin de Hagenau ; Pin a' 

 MatTire ; Pin Sauvage ; Pin d' Ecorse ; Pin de Geneve ; Pin d'Auvergne ; 

 Pin Blanc d'Autriche ; Gemeine Kiefer Fohre ; Forle ; Forche ; Kichne ; 

 Weiss-Kiefer ; Redwood ; Baltic Redwood ; Red Deal ; Yellow Pine ; 

 Riga Fir ; Memel Fir ; Archangel Fir ; Petchora Fir ; Danzig Fir ; Stettin 

 Fir ; Norway Fir ; Polish Fir ; \^^litewood. 



A tree commonly 70-100 ft. but sometimes 150 ft. high, with a 

 straight cylindrical trunk, 6-12 ft. in girth. Branches regularly 

 whorled in young trees, in old specimens branching only at the 

 top and giving rise to a flat crown. Bark on the lower part of the 

 trunk fissured into irregular, longitudinal plates, reddish brown 

 or greyish brown in colour, the upper part of the tree light red or 

 orange, shining and shed in papery scales. Young shoots greenish, 

 smooth and shining, becoming greyish brown in the second year, 

 marked with prominent bases of the scale leaves. Winter buds 

 oblong-ovate, ^| in, long, pointed, with lance-shaped, fringed 

 scales, the upper ones free at the tips. Leaves in pairs, lasting 

 about three years, variable in length, twisted, stiff, grey-green, 



^ The name fir is only correctly applied to the genus Abies, 



