PINACE^ 531 



Wisconsin. It is also found on the Appalachian Mountains as far 

 south as Alabama. It was introduced by Peter Collinson in 1736 

 and has been widely planted in Europe as an ornamental conifer. 



Wood rather soft, inclined to splinter, often knotty, durable, 

 holds nails well, heartwood pale yellow or sometimes brownish, 

 sapwood a little lighter in colour, but the distinction not great. 

 Used for telegraj^h and telephone poles, sleepers, for inferior build- 

 ing purposes, boxes, crates, paper pulp, and other purposes. It 

 is less generally useful and coarser than western hemlock. The 

 timber is exported from Quebec, Montreal and other E. Canadian 

 ports in boards and planks up to 16 ft. long. The Canadian 

 Forest Products Laboratory tests on green material are recorded 

 as follows : — 



^ " WeigJd green (moisture 25 per cent., wood 75 per cent.), 

 30 lb. per cubic ft. 



Tension, strength across the grain, 423 lb. per square in. 



Co7npression, strength across grain at elastic limit, 350 lb. 

 per square in. 



Comjwession, crushing strength with the grain, 2,930 lb. per 

 square in. 



Shearing, strength with the grain, 910 lb. per square in. 



Bending, modulus of rupture (breaking strength), 6,475 lb. per 

 square in. 



Bendiiig, modulus of elasticity (stiffness), 1,124,000 lb. per 

 square in. 



Hardness, weight required to haK-imbed a 0-444 in. steel ball, 

 475 lb." 



The bark contains 8-10 per cent, of catechol and is much used 

 for tanning purposes. See also under T. Albertia7ia. 



T. cayiadensis thrives throughout the British Isles and gives 

 excellent results as an ornamental species up to a high altitude 

 in the Scottish Highlands. It thrives in a variety of soils, but is 

 most satisfactory in moist but open loam. As a forest tree it is 

 inferior to T. Alhertiana and is not utilized here for commercial 

 planting. 



Sargent, Silva of N. America, xii, 63 (1898). 



Tsuga caroliniana, Engelmann. 

 Carolina Hemlock. 



Abies caroliniana. Chapman. Crag Hemlock ; Hemlock ; Southern 

 Hemlock. 



An elegant tree of compact, pyramidal habit attaining, in 

 N. America, a height of 70 ft. and a trunk girth of 6 ft. Bark 

 reddish brown deeply-fissured, scaly. Young shoots shining grey 

 with scattered, short hairs in the furrows between the leaf bases. 



* Catalogue of the Empire Timber Exhibition, London (1920). 



