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CHAPTER XVIII 



One cell of a form of the apparatus is seen in section in Figs. 201 and 202. 

 The heating tubes e vary in length from 5 feet upwards and are usually 

 3 inches in diameter ; they are expanded at one end into a thick tube plate, 

 and are set at a slight incline, each tube having its own vent into the vapour 



space. The juice is circulated by means of centrifugal pumps c, and enters 

 each cell by the distributing pipe, whence it flows as a rain over the surface 

 of the tubes. Steam enters at g and leaves at k. The condensed water is 

 trapped at i and is circulated from cell to cell. 



The late forms of the Lillie apparatus are made reversible as regards 

 direction of both liquor and steam. 



Kestner Apparatus. — This is covered by British patent 12502, 1906 ; 



