HISTORICAL CONSPECTUS 609 



1838. First coolie immigration to Demerara. 



Beet sugar first manufactured in the United States by Childs at 

 Northampton, Mass. 



1839. Saccharates of the alkaline earths examined by Peligot and Soubeiran. 

 1840 (circa). Experimental work on the cane conducted in India. 



1840. Robinson's patent on imbibition. 



Degrand's system of steam utilization at work in Cuba. 



1846. Rillieux's second patent on multiple effect evaporation, followed by 

 the adoption of the process in Louisiana, Cuba, Peru and Mexico. 



1848. The special import duty on slave -grown sugar abolished in Great 

 Britain. 



Abolition of slavery in the French colonies. 



1849. Nielsens established the use of sulphur in the manufacture of direct 

 process white sugar. 



1850. The bounty system operating in Europe led to the export and sale 

 of sugar in open markets below its cost of production. Extension, as a 

 natural consequence, of the British jam and biscuit trade, and failure of 

 the refining industr\\ 



The cane introduced into Natal. 



Gonzalves established the cultivation of the purple cane in Java. 

 Ismail Pascha restored the Egj'ptian industry. 

 Howard invented an hydraulic pressure regulator for cane mills. 

 The " Zeitschrift des Vereins der deutschen Zuckerindustrie " (the 

 first journal devoted exclusively to the sugar trade) first published. 



1850 (circa). Bouscaren experimented \\ith diffusion in Guadeloupe. 



1852. Bessemer invented the suspended centrifugal. 



1853. The centrifugal first used in Java. 



1858. The fertility of the cane recognised in Barbados. 



1859. Establishment of the double carbonation process in the beet sugar 

 industry'. 



1860. Van der ^^'ych proposed the establishment of experiment stations 

 in Java. 



1862. Scheibler introduced the elution process. 



1863. Slave r}- abolished in the Dutch colonies. 

 Slaverj^ abolished in the United States. 



1866. Robert established the diffusion process for the beet. 

 Kanakas introduced as labourers to Australia. 



The publication of Reynoso's treatise had a great influence in Java. 



1867. ^^'eston established the use of the suspended centrifugal. 



1869. " The Sugar Cane " first published. 



1870 (circa). The American beet sugar industry established by Dyer and 

 by Spreckels. 



1871. Stewart's U.K. patent on hydraulic pressure regulation for cane mills. 



1872. McDonald's L'.S. patent on hydraulic pressure regulation for cane 

 mills. 



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