18 



PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA 



No. 14 



ami iiioiuitaiii lakes, tlic S|i(ittfil Sandpiper, is aj^ain sure to be pre.sent. The 

 li-iii' iHoimtaiu stream has l>ut one eliai-ac1et'is1 ic l)ir(l, tlie Dippei', ami tliat l>ii\l 

 is soinetiiiies absent if the stream is not eleai-. A second species Found in tiiis 

 association in a few localities is tlie llai-leqiiin Duck. 



Cat-tail and tule marshes are not strictly water associations alone as tlie.v 

 take their character from the vegetation that grows in the water. Cat-tails and 

 tiiles I'eall.v roriii two separate associations, but from the standpoint of bird distri- 

 i)ntion they are about alike. These associations are marshes where the water is 

 from a few inches to a foot deep, grown witli either cat-tails or tules standing in 

 the water. The one most characteristic liii'd is the Red-winged ]V,ackbird. ,AIany 

 other species are also found in this association, though they are moic or less locai 

 in distribution. Grebes, the Black Tern, a few species of ducks, tiie Coot, Sora, 

 P.ittern. Marsh Hawk, Yellow-headed Blackbird and Marsh Wren are all liable 



Fig. -4. O.N TUL Se.N KivLi;, Liwi.s am) (.■i..\i:1v Cch m'i, Ji i.'i, i:'!::. A 

 MOUNTAIN STREAJt AND SI'RUCK FOREST OF THE CANADIAN ZONE IN 

 THE FOREGROUND AND MOUNTAINS F.XTK.XDING TO THE HUDSONIAX 

 ZONE IN THE DISTANCE. 



to be found nesting amid such surroundings. As far as my observations go, it 

 has appeared that the Red-winged Blackbird prefers cat-tails, and the Yellow- 

 headed, tules. Perhaps two associations should be recognized on account of this 

 preference on the part of two characteristic species; but until more definite ob- 

 servations are made it would be better to keep them together. 



Rock associations occupy comparatively small areas, but they definitely de- 

 tc rminc the distribution of a few species. These associations differ considerabl.y 

 in different parts of the state, and at different elevations in the mountains, rang- 

 ing from the badlands in the eastern prairies to glacial moraines ind precipitou-i 

 mountain sides in the Alpine-Arctic /.one. (See fig. (li But the distinctions 



