22 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 14 



the In-ecding scHsoii arc found iiowiiere else. These birds are the \Varl)lin.u- N'ireo 

 .and Orange-crowned Warbh-r. Otlier spi'cies found in this assoeintiou occasion- 

 iiUy are the Red-naped Sapsiicker, Hannuond Flycatciicr. MacGillivray Warliler 

 and Robin. 



The one association of lui.xed bi-oaddcaf and coniferous trees is found in the 

 norlhwestern mountain region, as about 1iie shores of Fhithead !j;il^e. In this 

 association tlie main trees are conifers, most of the broad-leaf trees beiuu' small 

 ones which form an undergrowth beneath the conifers. The conifev.s are mainly 

 yellow pine, Douglas fir and tamarack, and the broad-leats are cottonwood, birch 

 \li(hila papyrifera and B. fontinalis), alder {Ahius trituifolia) , and a few 

 smaller species that are hardly more than shrub size. The birds of this as.socia- 

 tion are the Cedar Waxwing, Red-eyed and Warbling vireos, Audul)on Warbler, 

 Redstart, Eastern Chickadee, Olive-baeked Thrush, and Robin. 



The coniferous tree associations occur entirel.y in the mountains, c.Kcept the 

 yellow pine, which occurs on the slopes of the pine hills and prairie buttes in the 

 prairie region, as well as in the mountains. The chief associations are yellow 

 pine, lodgepole pine, limber pine, white-liark pine, Douglas fir, fir and tamaraeK, 

 P^ngelmann spruce, and arbor-vitae. Westei-n white pine also forms an associa- 

 tion locally, west of the continental divide, but it is an association I have not 

 seen and, except for the report that the ('hestmit-l)acked Chickadee is found in 

 it. I know nothing about it. 



Vellow pine is entirely a Transition association, occurring m the pine hill-i 

 ol' the prairie region and on the lower mountain slopes. Across the continental 

 divide it is found mainly through the center of the state. East of the divide it is 

 not found up to the upper limits of the Transition zone, but is entirely below 

 -t.oOO feet elevation. In southwestern iMontana it is not found at all, the eleva- 

 tions in the lower mountains being too high. The southern limits of its range 

 southward are on Sixteen iMile Creek in extreme northern Gallatin County, on 

 the Boulder River south to Basin in Jefferson Coxinty, and on Pike's Peak Creek 

 near Pioneer in Powell County. The noi-thern limits of this association east of 

 the divide are on the Dearborn River, in Lewis and Clark County, but west of 

 the divide the association extends north into Glacier Park and probably to the 

 northern boundary of the state. The distribution of this association accounts 

 foi- the breeding ranges of its most characteristic species in the stati\ and they 

 will be sought in the breeding season in vain in places where yellow jiiue is nor 

 foiunl. These species are the Crossbill and Red-breasted Nuthatch, and west of 

 tiie divide the Pileated Woodpecker. The Evening Grosbeak and Pygm.y Nut- 

 hatch are probably also characteristic. Other species breeding in this associa- 

 tion are the Sparrow Hawk, Hairy Woodpecker, Flicker, Western Wood Pewee, 

 Cassin Purple Finch. Pine Siskin, Robin and Jlountain Bluebird. 



The lodge|ioIi' jiine association is characteristic of the Canadian zone, being 

 found entirely within that zone. (See fig. 7.) It consists of a rather dense for- 

 est of lodgepole pine, with pi'aeticall.v no other trees. The forest floor is some- 

 times open and carjieted with pine needles and a few small plants such as a 

 small red-berried Vaa iiiiinii : sometimes, es])ecially where there have been forest 

 fires, it is covered with down timbei-. and sometimes, in moist situations, with a 



