2 + 



PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA 



Warlilcr. and tlic Kocky Mountain Xutlialdi. This is tlu- only casUy ivcogiiizcd 

 ti'cc association of the Hudsonian zone. 



The Douglas fir association is one of the most important of the conifd'ous 

 tree associations from the standpoint of hird life. It occurs in the Transition and 

 Canadian zones. The firs form a r;dhcr oi-en forest, mainly on north slopes in 

 I he lower foothills of the Transition, and on steep south slopes of rocky soil in 

 the Canadian. A number of birds show a decided preference for this association 

 over others, and most of the species breeding in the lodgepole pine are found in 

 greater niunbei-s in the firs. The characteristic species are the Olive-sided Fly- 



j^kshaastMk-i Ti 



Fig. X. A SPHrcK FOREST IN GkR.man Glmu, SU," 

 VKR Bow County; M.^^y, 1910. Breeding 

 GROUND OF Rocky Moint.^in Creeper, Gol- 



DEN-CBOW.NED KlNGEET AND WINTER WREN. 



Canadian zone. 



catcher. Western Tanager and Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Others found in it are 

 the Ruffed Grouse, Sparrow Hawk, Pygmy Owl. Hairy Woodpecker, the three- 

 toed woodpeckers. Red-shafted Flicker, Hammond Flycatcher, Black-headed Jay, 

 Clark Nutcracker, Chipping Sparrow, the juneos, Audubon Warbler, Mountain 

 Chickadee, Olive-backed Thrash, and Robin. West of the continental divide, in 

 the northwestern mountain region, a variation of this association is found in a 

 mixture of fir and tamarack. The same species of birds are found in it, except 

 that two northwest species. Cassin Vireo and Townsend Warbler, are added. At 

 low elevations firs occur scattered through the foothills, bordering on either the 



