30 THE SIAMANG. 
and if the reader will refer to the accompanying sketch of the skull, he may form an 
opinion of the nature that belonged to the animal that owned such a skull. It is 
almost totally animal in character; there is hardly any space for the brain ; the 
head is surmounted with heavy ridges of bone, showing the ‘great 
streneth of the muscles that are attached to them; the lower part of 
the face and the jaws projects greatly, and, in fine, the skull is almost 
wholly made up of face, jaws, and bony ridges. The teeth, too, are 
very formidable. 
The hair of the Orang-outan is of a reddish chestnut hue, deepening 
here and there into brown. The texture of the hair is coarse, and its 
skuct oronanc-ovran.leneth varies according to the part of the body on which it is placed. 
Over the face, back, east shoulders, and arms, it falls in thick pro- 
fusion, becoming especially long at the elbow-joint, where the hairs of the upper and 
fore-arm meet. The face is partly covered with a beard, which seems to increase in size 
as the animal grows older. The hair of the face takes a lighter tinge of red than that of 
the body, and merges the red or auburn tint in the brown, on the inside of the limbs. 
At a little distance, the face appears to be black ; but if examined closely is found 
to present a bluish tint. 
The Mias-kassar is similar to the Mias-pappan in general appearance, and colour 
of hair; but is evidently a different species from the Pappan, and not the young of that 
animal. Of this ape, Sir J. Brooke says, that it 1s “a small, shght animal; by no means 
formidable in its appearance ; with hands and feet srgamiiion to the body. They do 
not approach the gigantic extremities of the Pappan either in size or power; and, in 
short, a moderately strong man could readily overpower one ; when he would not stand 
a shadow of a chance with the Pappan.” 
The height of a full-grown Pappan does not seem to be quite so great as has been 
supposed. Credible informants, however, tell us that they usually grow to the height of 
five feet, or even more, which, taking into consideration the extreme length of the arms, 
and the general muscular development, gives us a very large ape indeed. Sir J. Brooke 
was deceived into the belief that one of these animals which he killed was nearly six feet 
in stature ; but was surprised to find when the animal was dead that the height was very 
much overrated. 
Many of the quadrumanous animals, among which are the large apes, the siamang, 
many of the tailed monkeys, and the baboons, are furnished with a singular appendage 
to the throat, which has been carefully investigated by M. Vrolik. This appendage 
consists of a pouch, varying in form and size, which is connected with the lungs by an 
opening into the windpipe, and can be dilated with air at the pleasure of the animal. 
The result of his researches is, that the air-pouch is not connected with the voice ; 
but that it is intended to reduce the specific gravity of the animal, and to assist it 
in climbing or leaping. The pouch is not a mere hollow sac; but is furnished with 
many subordinate receptacles, something like a badly made glove, with three or four 
additional fingers or thumbs. These prolongations lie between the muscles of the throat. 
They are large in the male than in the other sex, and increase together with the growth 
of the animal. In the Orang-outan, these pouches are very largely developed ; much 
more so than in the chimpansee. The siamang possesses them of a large size, while 
the gibbons are without them. 
The generic name Sima, which is applied to these apes, and which serves to 
distinguish the entire family, is derived from the Greek word Stmos, signifying 
“ flat-nosed.” 
THE SIAMANG. 
THE accounts of this ape vary extremely. Some authors pronounce the Siamang 
to be a dull and stupid animal, caring not to distinguish between friends and foes ; never 
