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MAMMALS OF MINNESOTA. 145 
There are three pairs of mammez, the posterior pair being 
near the thighs, the second 3 inches in advance, and the pecior- 
al pair yet 4 inches beyond. 
Measurements: Length of body 223 inches, tail 10, end of 
nose to incisors #, end of nose to eye 2,;, end of nose to ear 
opening 42, hight of ear from inside 2,°,, elbow to longest claw 
7i, palm 34, thumb 1, middle finger 18, sole of hind foot 4. 
GENUS URSUS. 
The clumsy beasts constituting this genus are sufficiently 
well-known to require no general description. Asa group it is 
sharply defined although much diversity of opinion exists as to 
the value of the remaining divisions of the sub-family. The 
members of the genus Ursus are chiefly northern in distribu- 
tion. Onespecies (U. ornatus), occurs in the mountainous parts 
of South America. The polar bear is circumpolar and differs 
considerably in habits and anatomy from more southern species. 
The northern parts of Europe are, or were, inhabited by num- 
erous varieties of the single species U. arctos. This brown 
bear is larger than our species and in some respects like the 
grizzly of the west. Carl Vogt’s description of the young of this 
species applies equally to ours: 
“Little bears are very amiable and in the highest degree 
comical. Clowns in every respect, unwieldly yet nimble, al- 
ways ready for play or sport, sociable with every one, and to 
a certain extent teachable, they nevertheless evince an egotis 
tic independence which later becomes a sullen habit. The 
mother cares for them with unlimited devotion; for weeks she 
does not leave them a moment, and.remains without food in 
the secluded recess chosen for their reception. She teaches 
them to walk, to climb and to swim and defends them with 
courage and to the last. Although the mother covers them 
with caresses, coddles them warmly and endures well pleased 
their teasing, still she does not neglect punishment, which when 
needed is applied in the form of sundry slaps and ear-boxing, 
and even slight bites of which she is not sparing. It is even 
said that bears of two or three years old assist in training their 
younger brothers and sisters.”’ 
In the United States at least two species and numerous vari- 
eties of bear are known, and it would be presumption to at- 
tempt to discuss the value of the various specific distinctions 
assumed by various authors upon the basis of the slight mater- 
ial at the disposal of this survey. 
