1910.] The Prescientific Period, x 7 



c. In haruspication and other divinatory and sacrificial practices. 



d. As clean or unclean according to the Levitical law (infra). 

 In connection with the healing art. 



As material for the Roman circus and its modern descendants {cf. Pliny's 



accounts). 

 As forming a 'part of the 'products of newly discovered countries. 



TWO EXAMPLES OF EARLY CLASSIFICATIONS. 



From the point of view of classification the most important step taken 

 in the prescientific period is the listing and arrangement of the names of ani- 

 mals in a systematic manner. Examples are: (1) the classification of mam- 

 mals under the category of technical cleanness or uncleanness given in 

 Leviticus, XI (see below); (2) the "classification" of animals given in 

 certain cuneiform inscriptions from the library of Asshurbanapal (see 

 below) . 



A. Levitical Classification of Animals {Leviticus, XI). 



" 1. And the Lord spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them, 



"2. Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These are the beasts which ye 

 shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth. 



"3. Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven footed, and cheweth the cud 

 among the beasts, that shall ye eat. 



"4. Nevertheless these shall ye not eat, of them that chew the cud, or of them 

 that divide the hoof: as the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not 

 the hoof; he is unclean unto you. 



"5. And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; 

 he is unclean unto you. 



"6. And the hare,, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is 

 unclean unto you. 



"7. And the swine, though he divideth the hoof, and be cloven footed, yet he 

 cheweth not the cud ; he is unclean to you 



"9. These shall ye eat, of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and 

 scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall ye eat. 



" 10. And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all 

 that move in the waters, and of any living thing which is in the waters, they shall 

 be an abomination unto you 



"13. And these are tlie'y which ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; 

 they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination; the eagle, and the ossifrage, and 

 the ospray. 



"14. And the vulture, and the kite after his kind; 



" 15. Every raven after his kind; 



" 16. And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his 

 kind, 



" 17. And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl, 



