1910.] Analysis of Ray's division of warm-blooded Animals. 21 



Ray was more modern in spirit than Klein, Brisson, Blumenbach, Boddaert, 

 Storr and other writers of the succeeding century, and fully anticipated 

 Linnaeus. 



Among the many excellent features of this tabular analysis of the verte- 

 brates we note the following: 



(1). The higher vertebrates are contrasted with the fishes as breathing 

 by lungs instead of by gills. 



(2). The whales are classed with the viviparous animals and expressly 

 removed from the fishes. They are, however, set oft" in a grand division 

 over against all the remaining mammals. In the 'S\Tiopsis Methodica 

 Piscium' (posthumous, 1713) the Cetacea are "arranged among fishes. . . . 

 but on this point Ray wrote expressly to Rivinus to explain that he classed 

 them thus only in accordance with common usage" (Cuvier and Thouars, 

 quoted in Lankester, 1846, p. 106). 



(3.) As remarked by Gill, the terrestrial or quatlruj)ed mammals are 

 bracketed with the aquatic as " Vivipara" and contrasted with the " Ovipara" 

 or "Aves." "The Vivipara are exactly coextensive with Mammalia, but 

 the word vivipara Avas used as an adjective and not as a noun. Linnseus 

 did not catch up with this concept till 1758 when he advanced beyond it by 

 recognizing the group as a class and giving it an apt name." (Gill, 1902, 

 pp. 434-438.) 



(4). The double ventricle is noted as characteristic of both Vivipara 

 [Mammals] and Ovipara [Birds]. The single ventricle of the heart is noted 

 as characterizing the groups now called Amphibia and Reptilia. 



(5.) In order to associate the Manati and other amphibious mammals 

 with their terrestrial congeners the term "Hairy Animals" is employed as 

 more comprehensive than "Quadrupeda." 



In all these features Ray anticipates Linnseus (cf. pp. 27, 28). 



When we pass from this division of the vertebrates in general to the 

 classification of the Hairy Quadrupeds (pp. 18, 19) we find the analysis no 

 less discriminating, and it is small wonder that various modifications of 

 Ray's system continued in vogue several decades after the appearance of 

 Linne's more brilliant but seemingly less reasonable system. 



As regards the results achieved by this analysis it is surprising to note the 

 number of natural or quasi-natural groups that were distinguished. Among 

 these are the "Ungulata monochela solidipeda" including the Horse, the Ass 

 and the Zebra; the "ungulata dichela," including most of the animals now 

 called Artiodactyla; the "Unguiculata pede multifido, digitis aliquodque 

 separatis, platyonycha et anthropomorpha," namely the Simire. But 

 unnatural groups and allocations are not wanting, for example the "ungulata 

 tetrachela," including the Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Brazihan tapir. 



