24 Bulletin American Musemn of Natural History. [Vol. XXVII, 



'sensing' a natural group and then finding the characters to define it after- 

 ward. 



The arrangement of the orders is also significant. The "Anthropo- 

 niorpha" {Homo, Simia, Brady pus) come first, and the name emphasizes 

 the significant fact that Homo appears in the same order with his lowly 

 relatives (see below). As in Ray's classification the Anthropomorphs are 

 followed by the flesh-eating, insectivorous, and gnawing animals. The 

 latter, including the forms designated by Ray as pertaining to the hare 

 kind ("Leporinum genus"), are correctly assembled under the order Glires. 

 The ungulate orders bring up the rear, instead of heading the list as they 

 do in Ray. They include two orders: " Jumenta" {Equiis, Hippopotamus, 

 Elephas, Sus) and "Pecora" (Camelus, Mosc.hus, Cervus, Capra, Ovis, Bos). 

 The order Jumenta thus corresponds to the "jNIultungula" of Blumenbach 

 (1779), the "Bellufe" of Storr (1780) and the "Pachydermes" of Cuvier 

 (1800) ; the order " Pecora " includes the Ruminant Artiodactyls. The Camel 

 is rightly allocated instead of being reckoned among the unguiculate orders. 



In the sixth edition of the 'Systema' (1748) (the third original edition), 

 the mammals are defined as "Quadrupedia, corpus pilosum, pedes quatuor, 

 feminae viviparse, lactiferje." The possession of mammae is thus implied 

 but the word "^Mammalia" is not yt't coined. 



The order "Anthropomorpha" is defined by the "Dentes incisores IV, 

 supra et infra, mammae pectorales." Ray had used the number of incisor 

 teeth to define several groups of unguiculates. The order "Agrise," in- 

 cluding Mijrmecophaga and Manis, is defined by the "Dentes nulli, lingua 

 longissima, cylindrica." The order "Ferse" still includes not only the true 

 carnivorous animals but also the assemblage later called Bestise (except Sus) 

 and Vespertilio. 



The detailed discussion of Linne's principles is more appropriately given 

 in connection with his later classification, page 27 et seq. 



His classification of 1735 is given below on ])age 102. 



KLEIN, 1751. 



Jacobus Theodorus Klein, 'Quadrupedum dispositio brevisque Historia 

 Naturalis.' Svo. Lipsise. 



This treatise appeared later than the earlier editions of the 'Systema 

 Naturae' but it antedated the tenth edition of that work and is essentially 

 pre-Linnpean in character. Klein's classification is in fact a development of 

 that of Ray, better in some respects, retrogressive in others, as follows: 



(1) By avoiding the dichotomous method of subdivision Klein, like 

 Linnseus, escapes some of its artificial restrictions and produces a simpler 



