1910.] Analysis of Klein's System. '25 



classification, based as to its main subdivisions solely on foot structure, 

 especially the number of toes. 



(2) For ordinal designations, Klein avoids descri})tive phrases, such as 

 "Digitis aliquodcjue separatis," in favor of th(> monomial terms "ISIono- 

 chela," "Dichela," etc., in substantive form. 



(3) The Quadrupeds are divided into two "orders" "Ungulata" and 

 "Digitata," or Unguiculata. The Digitata include two grand divisions, the 

 "Pilosa" (/. e. the unguiculated mammals) and the four-footed reptiles 

 and amphibians, a very retrogressive grouping, especially in view of Ray's 

 clear analysis. 



(4) Both the "orders" "Ungulata" and "Digitata," are divided into 

 "familiae," a term implying some sort of supposed natural kinship between 

 the comprised forms. 



(5) Ray's "Ungulata" is improved by the addition of the "Pentachela" 

 (Elephas) but the Camel is still left among the digitated quadrupeds. 



(6) The genera pertaining to the orders now known as Rodentia, 

 Insectivora, Carnivora and Primates are still grouped together as in Ray's 

 scheme, the embracing "familia" being named "Pentadactyla." 



(7) The sloth and tamandua, which had been left by Ray among the 

 "cjuadrupeda vivipara pede multifido anomala," are now comprised in the 

 "familia Tridactyla," which is closely followed by the " familia Tetradactyla," 

 containing the armadillo and Cavia. Thus the Edentates were very early 

 separated from other mammals and brought near together, either in one 

 group or in adjacent orders. 



(8) In segregating the amphibious mammals (representing five modern 

 orders) into a single group "Anomalopes," or web-footed animals, Klein 

 anticipates many later authors, including Storr, Blumenbach and even 

 Cuvier, and to some extent follows the erroneous example of Pliny, Aldro- 

 vandus, Wotton and other early writers who regarded the locus or habitat 

 as a prime criterion of classification, but whose error had been so well ex- 

 posed by Ray (see p. 20). 



(9) Klein also treated the whales (in his 'Historia Piscium Naturalis 

 promovendae missus secundus de Piscibus per pulmonibus spirantibus ad 

 iustum numerum et ordinum redigendis. . . .,' 1741) as a distinct division 

 of the fishes, "Pisces per pulmonibus spirantibus." 



(10) The principal criteria of classification for the "familise" were the 

 number of digits; but the nature of the integument was regarded as impor- 

 tant not only in the minor divisions, as shown in the terms "loricatus," 

 "hirsutus," "laevis," "dorso aculeato," "cauda pilosa," "cauda tereti," 

 and "Acanthion," and even in the grand divisions "Pilosa" and "Depilata." 



