1910.] Linna'us groups Man with the Anthrnpoworpha. 29 



f 



heart of some large animal ])<),s.ses,s{'(I of lungs, for this- i.s throughout -lujli- 

 cientlij like the human [heart]" (/7a/. mi hi). 



It was known also that of all animals th(> monkey tribe are most nearly 

 like man both externally and internally, so that they were called "Anthro- 

 pomorpha" by Ray and by Linnaeus (1735). Now in 173S T.inniTeus made 

 a visit in Paris where Perrault's work (see p. 39), in which the anatomy of 

 several monkeys was clearly set forth, had appeared in 1731; and where the 

 scientific atmosphere was favorable to radical ideas. Later, also, Linnaeus 

 may have known the work of Daubenton in Buffon's 'Histoire Naturelle." 

 Finally, from his botanical studies he was doubtless familiar with many 

 cases where characters which are merely apparent in certain genera are 

 strongly emphasized in related genera, and where the structural difference 

 was often far greater than that between man and the apes. 



Various lines of knowledge, e. g., human anatomy, mammalian anatomy 

 and taxonomy, were thus joined in Linne's receptive mind with the principles 

 gained in botany, and produced there the remarkably fertile idea of man's 

 true place in the animal kingdom (c/. p. 24 above). 



At any rate Linnseus did not hesitate to follow the logical consequences 

 of these facts, namely, that in a strictly zoological classification man would 

 be grouped not only in the class IMammalia, but even in the same ordinal 

 division with the monkeys. Accordingly in the first edition of the ' Systema,' 

 1735, mankind is listed under the " Anthropomorpha" and in the tenth 

 edition the latter name is replaced by "Primates," and the genera Homo, 

 Simia, Lemur, Vespcrtilio are grouped under that order. The Primates were 

 thus regarded as the chiefs of the graded hierarchy of terrestrial beings, and" 

 consequently, as in nearly all subsequent schemes down to the Darwinian 

 epoch, head the classified legions of creatures. This placing of mankind 

 under the order Primates was surely another instance of Linne's genius in 

 surmising the true affinities of puzzling animals. It led the way to the 

 modern generalization that man is knit by ties of blood kinship to the 

 Primates, and more remotely to the whole organic world. 



Linne's Classification of 1758^ ami 1766- . 



(Arranged here in tabular form.) 

 MAMMALIA (1758). 



Ungiiiculata (1766). 



Primates. Homo, Simia, Lemur, Vespertilio. 



Bruta. Elephas, Trichechus, Bradypus, Myrmecophaga, Manis. 



Ferae. Phoca, Canis, Felis, Viverra, Mustela, Ursus. 



Bestise. 8us, Dasypus, Erinaceus, Talpa, Sorex, Didelphis. 



Glires. Rhinoceros, Hystrix, Lepus, Castor, Mus, Sciurus. 



^ 'Systema Nature,' editiodecima. 

 2 'Systema Natuife ' editio duodecima. 



