30 Bulletin American Museum of Natur(d History. [Vol. XX\'I1, 



Ungulata (1766). 



Pecora. Camelus, Moschus, Cervus, Capra, Ovis, Bos. 



Belluse. Equus, Hippopotamus. 

 MuTiCA (1766). 



Cete. Monodon, Balsena, Physeter, Delphinus. 



Judged by later standards this classification is on the whole less natural^ 

 although more elaborate, than Linne's earlier classification of 1735 (cf. p. 

 24). It contains only three entirely natural groups, 'Ferte,' 'Pecora' and 

 'Cete,' each of the remaining orders including one or more improperly 

 allocated genera. As shown in the following table it is really an attempt to 

 express relationshij) between distinct orders (as they are now accepted), 

 an attempt that was certainly premature in Linne's time, since even now 

 when the content of mammalogy is a hundred times greater, the intei'ordinal 

 connections are still either wholly unsettled or at best more a matter of 

 probability than of demonstrated certainty. More in detail the relation 

 of the Linna?an orders to those now recognized is as follows: 



Linntean Orders. Modern Orders. 



Primates = Primates + Dermoptera + Chiroptera. 



Bruta =Proboscidea + Sirenia + Xenarthra (in part) + Pholidota. 



Bestiae ^Suilline Artiodactyla (in part) + Xenarthra (in part) + Insectivora 



+ Polyprotodont Marsupialia (in part). 

 Glires =Perissodactyla (in part) + Rodentia. 

 Pecora = Artiodactyla minus Sus and Hippopotamus. 

 Belluse =Perissodactyla (in part) + Suilline Artiodactyla (in part). 

 Cete =Mystacoceti + Odontoceti. 



This classification may indeed be deficient in its objective results, but its 

 underlying principles (which will become apparent by a closer examination 

 of the Linnpean orders and definitions) are of the greatest interest and 

 importance in the history of mammalogy. 



Order Primates. Definition: "Inferior front teeth IV, parallel, laniary 

 teeth solitary [a single pair above and below]. Mamma^ pectoral, one pair. 

 The anterior extremities are hands. The arms separated by clavicles, the 

 gait usually on all fours ('incessu tetrapodo volgo'). They climb trees and 

 pluck the fruits thereof." 



The association of the Bats and the Flying Lemur with this order was 

 probably on account of: (1) the single pair of pectoral mamma^, (2) the arms 

 separated by clavicles, (3) the arboreal frugivorous habits, (4) the position 

 of the head on the vertebral column, (5) the hand-like nature of the wings 

 in Bats, (6) the lemur-like head of the Fox-Bats. There is something to 

 be said in favor of this group (if it be ranked as a superorder) even at the 

 ]iresent time (cf. p. 416). 



