1910.] Analysis of Linue's Ordinal Definitions. 33 



showing a superficial approach to the Rodent dentition. If liinnieus knew 

 that Hyrax (which even Cuvier at first took to be a Rodent), has cheek teeth 

 not unhke those of Rhinoceros indicus he might even have fehcitated hira- 

 seh' upon his supposed astuteness in placing Rhinocsros with the Rodents. 



Order Pecora. Definition: " Front teeth inferior, several, superior none. 

 Feet hoofed, cloven. Sustenance by pulling up plants and chewing the cud. 

 Divisions of the stomach 4: [1] 'ingluvies' (the paunch) for macerating and 

 ruminating; [2] 'reticulum' [the honeycomb bag, or hood] cancellate, for 

 receiving [the food]; [3] 'omasum' (the man)^ilies), many-folded, digestive; 

 [4] 'abomasum' (the reed) banded, secreting a coagulant for the fat [rennet 

 ferment] in order to neutralize the alkali ('ut minus alcalescant')." 



The assemblage of ruminant Artiodactyls had long been recognized as 

 a natural group. Linnjeus gives in some detail, as diagnostic, the characters 

 and functions of the compound stomach. 



Order Belluoe} Definition: "Front teeth several, obtuse. Gait heavv. 

 Sustenance by pulling up vegetation." 



The horse and the hippopotamus show certain analogical resemblances, 

 especially in the manner of f ceiling (a point highly regarded by Linnagus) 

 and in the general characters of the head and mouth; hence the more essen- 

 tial differences in their limbs was easily discounted by him (especially in 

 view of the alliance of Phoca with the Ferte), and so we may imagine that 

 the observation that both the horse and hippopotamus also had "dentes 

 primores plures obtusi," not only confirmed Linnaeus in uniting them, but, 

 added to the "Incessus gravis" and the "Victus extrahendo vegetabilia" 

 gave convenient diagnostic characters of the order. 



Order Cete? Definition: 'Pectoral fins in place of feet, and flat flukes 

 instead of a tail. Claws none. Teeth gristly. Nostril usually a pipe in the 

 forehead. Sustenance upon molluscs and fish. Habitation marine.' 



"These I have judged to be separated from the Fishes and to be allieci 

 to the mammals, on account of their warm two-chambered heart, their 

 breathing by lungs, their hollow ears, [and because] the penis enters the 

 female, [which] exudes milk from the breasts; and so according to the 

 decree of nature, by right and merit." i. e., not through any arbitrary 

 method of the classifier. 



In other orders foot- structure is mentioned if at all after the number of 

 front teeth; and even profound difference in the extremities {e. g., between 

 Vespertilio and the Primates, betw^een Phoca and the terrestrial Carnivores) 

 does not avail to separate the animals. But here in the Cetacea "Pedum 



1 Lat. bellufi. properly 'belua ' a beast, particularly a large beast. Century Diet. 



2 n. pi. "ktJtti uncontr. KtJTca, pi. of ktjtos, any sea-monster or large fish, particularly 

 a whale . . . . " Century Diet. 



