1910.] Pennant. 51 



constant residence in the water are arguments for separating them from this 

 class and forming them into another, independent of the rest." Like other 

 naturaUsts of the time Pennant recognized the artificiaUty of Linne's orders 

 "Bruta" and "Bestire" and correctly removes Noctilio from the Glires. 



Pennant proceeds to discuss his own classification as a development of 

 that of Ray with modifications from Klein, and, with the separation of the 

 Pinnated and Winged Quadrupeds. "... .the first takes in the Walrus and 

 the Seals, and (in conformity to preceding Writers) the Manati. But those 

 that compose this order are very imperfect: Their limbs serve rather the use 

 of fins than legs; and their element being for the greatest pai't water, they 

 seem as the links between the quadrupeds and the cetaceous animals. 



"The Bats are winged quadrupeds, and foi'm the next gradation from this 

 to the class of Birds; and these two orders are the only additions I can boast 

 of adding in this work." 



Here again, as in Blumenbach's work, we meet the idea of gradations 

 leading from one order to another. As these supposed annectant forms 

 were usually merely adaptively similar forms, we might say that the endeavor 

 to find annectant forms was a step leading toward the recognition of parallel 

 and convergent evolution. 



Pennant's Classification of 1781. 



Method. 



Div. I. Hoofed Quadrupeds. 



Div. II. Digitated Quadrupeds. 



Div. III. Pinnated Quadrvipeds. 



Div. IV. Winged Quadrupeds. 



Div. I. Sect. I. Whole-hoofed. 



Genus Horse. 

 Sect II. Cloven-hoofed. 



Ox, Sheep, Goat, Giraffe, Antelope, Deer, Musk, Camel, Hog, Rhinoc- 

 eros, Hippopotame, Tapiir, Elephant. 

 Div. II. Digitated. 



Sect I. Anthropomorphous frugivorous. 



Ape, Maucauco. 

 Sect II. With large canine teeth separated from the cutting teeth. Six 



or more cutting teeth in each jaw. Rapacious, carnivorous. 



Dog, Cat, Hyaena, Bear, Badger, Opossum, Weesel, Otter. 

 Sect. III. Without canine teeth and with two cutting teeth in each jaw. 



Generally herbivorous or frugivorous. 



Cavy, Hare, Beaver, Porcupine, Marmot, Squirrel, Jerboa, Rat, 



Shrew, Mole, Hedgehog. 

 Sect IV. Without cutting teeth. Frugivorous, herbivorous. Sloth, 



Ai-madillo. 

 Sect. V. Without teeth. Insectivorous. 



Manis, Anteater. 



