52 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXVII, 



Div. III. Pinnated. Piscivorous or herbivorous.' 



Walrus, Seal, Manati. 

 Div. IV. Winged. Insectivorous. 



Bats. 



BODDAERT, 1784. 



'Elenchus Animalium,' quoted by I. Geoffroy (1826, pp. 67, 68). 



The classification of this Dutch naturalist has not been seen by the writer, 

 but according to I. Geoffroy's account (1826) it seems to have contained little 

 that was important so far as regards the major divisions. The Linnsean 

 orders were nearly all adopted but the Primates and Bruta were united into 

 a single order " Unguiculata." Gervais (1837), says that Boddaert intro- 

 duced the term " Quadrumanes," Avhich was adopted by Cuvier. The 

 mammals were divided into terrestrial and aquatic sections. In all these 

 respects Boddaert's classification resembled the contemporary system of 

 Blumenbach. 



BLUMENBACH, 1791. 



'Handbuch der Naturgeschichte.' Fourth edition. 



»->^ 



While Blumenbach's earlier classification was evidently a modification 

 of the Linnaean system, at least in many features, his classification of 1791 

 apparently reflects the influence of Storr's work and very clearly foreshadows 

 the classification of Geoffroy and Cuvier. 



The system under consideration is also notable for the number of new 

 ordinal terms said to originate with Blumenbach, namely "Bimana," 

 "Quadrumana," "Chiroptera" (1779, see p. 44), "Fissipeda" (Digitata), 

 "Fissipeda Glires," "Fissipeda Ferae," "Fissipeda Edentata" (Bruta), 

 "Palmata," "Palmata Glires," "Palmata Ferse," "Palmata Bruta." 



The two parallel series of "Glires," "Ferte," "Bruta" under the "Fissi- 

 peda" and "Palmata" afford one of the earliest instances where adaptive 

 resemblances between mammals of different orders are recognized, even 

 though imperfectly, in classification. The aquatic animals are evidently 

 thought to be related to each other by virtue of their foot structure which 

 is the prime criterion; but nevertheless Castor appears to be conceived as 

 the web-footed representative of the digitate Glires, Phoca and Lutra of the 

 digitate Ferge, OrnitJwrhyncJms and TrichecJms of the digitate Bruta. 

 This arrangement may have suggested the circvilar system of Macleay, and 

 the idea of divergent adaptation so clearly implied by de Blain\'ille. 



1 " Their Element chiefly tlie Water." 



