1910.] Vicq d'Azyr; the Epoch of Cuvier and de Blainville. 55 



cation of the Cuvierian school is both more simple and in certain respects 

 more natural than Cuvier's more synthetic but overdeveloped systems of 

 1800 and 1817. 



Vicqd'Azyr's Classification of 1792. 



1. Pedimanes (Primates, Didelphis, etc.). 



2. Rongeurs [c/. "Rosores" Storr]. 



3. Aile-pieds (Chauve souris) [cf. "Chiroptera" Blumenbach 1779]. 



4. Taupens ou Taupes. 



5. Soriciens (Musaraignes) . 



6. Edentes [cf. "edentulus" Ray, as an adjective] (Paresseux, Tatous, Four- 



miliers, Pangolins). 



7. Carnivores [cf. "carnivora" Ray, as adjective]. 



8. Empetres [a new term ?] (Phoques, Lamantins, Morses). 



9. Cheveaux d'eau (Hippopotame). 



10. Elephans. 



11. Tapiriens. 



12. Porcini [cf. " Porcinum genus" Ray]. 



13. Ruminans [cf. " Ruminantia " Ray]. 



14. Solipedes (Equus). 



5. The Epoch of Cuvier axd de Blainville. 



Synopsis. 



Enormous expmision of the content of maminalogjj: 



Description {e. g., by Geoffroy) of many new genera, including pouched 



and oviparous mammals. 

 Rise of vertebrate palaeontology (Cuvier). 

 Rise of comparative anatomy and osteology (Cuvier). 

 Rise of embryology (Von Baer, Agassiz). 

 Development and great diversity of theories of classification. 



Non-inductive, objective monographic work of ecole des fails continued. 

 Classification by superficial characters (Cuvier, e. g., of the extremities), 



not by totality of characters. 

 Classification by "deep seated" characters, especially of the skull and 



reproductive system (de Blainville). 

 Return to the Linnaean search for hidden affinities beneath superficial 



adaptive differences (de Blainville). 

 Rise of "natur-philosophie," "physiophilosophy," "circularian," "trini- 



tarian," "quinarian," and similar systems (Oken, IMacleay, Swainson). 

 Rise of the idea of "unity of organization" (Goethe, Vicq d'iVzyr, Geof- 



froy Saint-Hilaire) and of the related "archet}^al" theory of the 



vertebrate skeleton (Oken, Owen). 

 Rise of evolution theories (Lamarck, Erasmus Darwin). 

 Great net gain in classification, especially: 



