72 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [\'ol. XXVII, 



Of Goethe's part in this movement Huxley says (1894, p. 291): "I do 

 not think that anyone who studies these works [on the intermaxillary bone 

 of man, on osteology generally and on the metamorphoses of plants], in many 

 ways so remarkable, can doubt that, in the last two decades of the eighteenth 

 century, Goethe arrived, by a generally just, though by no means critical, 

 process of induction, at the leading theses of what were subsequently known 

 as Natur- philosophic in Germany, and as Philosophie anatomique in France; 

 in other words, that he was the first person to enunciate and conceive as 

 parts of a systematic whole, whatever principles of value are to be met with 

 in the works of Oken, Geoffroy, and Lamarck." 



The theory of the "unity of organization" was also developed by VIcq 

 d'Azyr, in its apj^lication to the limbs of the higher vertebrates, and espe- 

 cially by the elder Geoffroy (see p. 57), and it influenced profoundly de 

 Blainville's remarkable classification of 1816 (see p. 75), while it also re- 

 sulted in Owen's elaborate contributions to the "archety]3al" theory of the 

 vertebrate skull and of the structure of limbs. 



In Oken's hands (1821) these general ideas resulted in a classification 

 of the mammalia in which the primary criteria were certain assumed re- 

 semblances in function between the different systems of the human economy 

 and corresponding classes of animals. Isidore Geoffroy (1826, p. 71) has 

 thus summarized this absurd system: 



"The celebrated German anatomist tries to establish in this work that 

 the Animal Kingdom is developed in the same order as the organs in the 

 animal body, and that it is these organs which form, characterize and 

 represent the classes; that there are just as many classes of animals as there 

 are organs; and that, in a scientific system, these classes ought to be named 

 from the organs." Oken then applies these ideas to the formation of orders 

 and families, and divides the ]Mammifers, which he calls "Animals with 

 senses," or "Sensiers," into five orders: 



1. "Les Germiers," divided into "Spermiers," "Oviers" and "Fetiers" 



[Rodents]. 

 II. "Les Sexiers" [Insectivores and ^Marsupials]. 



III. "Les Entrailliers" [Monotremes and Edentates]. 



IV. "Les Carniers" [Cetacea, Rvmiinants and Pachyderms]. 



V. "Les Sensiers" [Pinnipeds, plantigrades, digitigrades, Chiroptera, 



Quadrumana and Man]. (I. Geoffroy, 1826, p. 71). 



Possibly this system may have been developed from the suggestion of 



Lamarck that animals could be distributed under three categories: "(1) 



apathetic animals and (2) sensitive animals among the invertebrates, and (3) 



intelligent animals, equivalent to the vertebrates" (Gill, 1907, p. 501). 



In the 'AUgemeine Naturgeschichte ' (1838) Oken proposed another 



