1910.] Skeleton of Tupaia. 277 



attached to the ilium by means of only one much enlarged transverse process. 

 The lumbar vertebrae have forwardly directed parapophyses, this indicating 

 fairly well developed leaping muscles which ar(^ lacking in the fossorial 

 Insectivores. 



As the majority of the remaining characters of the skeleton are given 

 below (p. 279) under the heading "primitive mammalian characters," only 

 a few additional points need be noted here. 



The ilium has lost the primitive rod-like shape, which is preserved in 

 Microgale, and has a narroAv spatulate concave surface for the gluteal muscles. 

 There is a ])rominent pectineal process on th(> neck of the ilium, as in Mono- 

 tremes, Marsupials, Orycteropus, etc. 



The piibo-ischiadic .symphysis in all the Menotyphla is relatively long, 

 much longer than is usually the case in the Lipotyphla. 



The limbs are much longer and the elbows and knees better exserted from 

 the body than in the I^ipotyphla; the humerus and femur are of approxi- 

 mately equal length with the forearm and lower leg respectively, whereas 

 in the Lipotyphla they are shorter. 



The slender humerus has an entepicondylar foramen, a long low deltoid 

 crest and a small supinator crest, all as in many other primitive mammals. 



The femur retains a well developed third trochanter. The patella 

 trochlea is not deeply grooved (r/. the flat trochlea of Marsupials and Soleno- 

 don). 



The fibula is complete and separate. Proximally it expands consider- 

 ably (rf. Microgale) but not as much as in Marsupials. 



The hand and foot are rather long and slender. The palmar and plantar 

 surfaces (Fig. 20) exhibit generalized arboreal characters. The ungues 

 are compressed. The pollex and hallux of Tupaia diverge slightly, but Ptilo- 

 cercus is represented by Gray (1848) wuth a spreading hand and a divergent 

 pollex and hallux. 



The carpus resembles that of Ericulus in the following details : the scapho- 

 lunar is broad and shallow (in Ericulus, however, the scaphoid and lunar are 

 merely appressed to each other), the relatively large flattened centrale rests 

 upon the trapezoid and articulates with the side of the magnum; the lunar 

 rests chiefly on the centrale and partly on the unciform, but in front view 

 appears as in Lemur, to be excluded from contact with the magnum by the 

 centrale. Resemblances to the carpus of Sorex are seen in the flattening 

 and horizontality of the transverse facets. Resemblances to Galeopithecvs 

 and certain lemuroid types are the compression of the small sized magnum 

 and its close appression to the unciform. In brief the carpus, like the rest 

 of the. anatomy serves to emphasize the position of Tupaia as a morphologi- 

 callv annectant form between the true Insectivores and the lemuroids. 



