1910.] Taxonomic History of the Ungidata. 343 



orders of rather diverse origin, and more particularly that the so called 

 "Ungulata Vera," embracing the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla is almost 

 as unnatural an assemblage as "the Pachydermes" of Cuvier, and that in 

 brief many of the resemblances between the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla 

 are due to convergent evolution. 



The more important classifications of the Ungulate orders are summarized 

 below. 



1693. Ray (p. 18), adopts the following division (here condensed) : 



Ungulata. 



I. Solidipeda. [Equus.] 

 II. Bisulca. 



1. Rviminantia. a. Bos, Ovis, Capra. 



b. Cervus. 



2. Non-ruminantia. Sus. 

 III. Quadrisulca. 



Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, etc. 

 Unguiculata. 



1. Bifido, Camelus 



2. Multifido. 



a. Digit is indivisis. Elephas. 



b, c, etc. [typical unguiculates]. 



3. Anomala. Echinus terrestris, Tatou sive Armadillo, Talpa, Mus ara- 



neus, Tamandua, Vespertilio, Ai sive Ignavus [Bradypus]. 



Noteworthy features of the preceding are: (1) the classification in 

 accordance with the number of digits, implied in the terms Bisulca, Quad- 

 risulca; (2) the correct association of Sus with the other Artiodactyls; (3) 

 the clear separation of the solid-horned (Cervus) from the hollow-horned 

 Ruminants; (4) the correct division into ruminant and non-ruminant forms. 

 In general this classification was far better than many later ones. 

 1735. Linnaeus groups all non-ruminant ungulates under the order 

 "Jumenta" (Equus, Hippopotamus, Elephas, Sus). The ruminants were 

 included under the order "Pecora." 

 1758. Linnwus (p. 29). 



Ordo Bruta. Elephas, Trichechus, Bradypus, Myrmecophaga, 

 Manis. 

 " Bestiae. Sus, D'asypus, Erinaceus, Talpa, Sorex, Didelphis. 

 " Glires. Rhinoceros, Hystrix [etc., other Rodents]. 

 " Pecora. Camelus, Moschus, Cervus, Capra, Ovis, Bos. 

 " Belluae. Equus, Hippopotamus. 

 Thus Linne's arrangement of the Ungulata was much better in the first 

 edition than in the tenth. 



