PROCEEDINGS, 1915. 69 



depth would be of little avail in their control. The thick sod, how- 

 ever, seemed to keep the flies down. 



Thus it appears that surface cultivation in an infested orchard would 

 result in only a few pupae being destroyed. Plowing, and so burying the 

 pupae would not be of any benefit, unless, perhaps, thick sod could be 

 turned under, thus burying the rotten apples beneath a thick mat of roots. 



If, however, the soil has been stirred, allow chickens to run in the or- 

 chard, as they are very fond of the pupae and will scratch for them. This 

 summer two large cages were made and a hen placed in each, after 200 

 pupae were buried to a depth of almost two inches in the enclosed soil of 

 each box. The hens were given food and water and kept there for two 

 weeks. A close watch was kept for adult flies in these cages, but only 

 three were observed in one, and none in the other. Thus chickens run- 

 ning loose in the orchard will render valuable assistance to the fruit-grow- 

 er in picking up the pupae of the apple maggot. 



Soil Fumigants. 



It has been asked whether chemicals applied to the soil would 

 kill the pupae contained therein. To settle this point, a number of pupae 

 were counted out in lots of 100 each, from our collection boxes, and, after 

 being buried 2 inches in the earth within special boxes, were treated in 

 duplicate, with a number of chemicals, dry and liquid. The soil fumi- 

 gants were scattered over the ground at the rate indicated in Table VIII, 

 and then worked in with a small hoe. The liquids were sprinkled over 

 the soil with a watering can and the ground well soaked. 



