84 N.S. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



browner than the average. This slight dissimilarity or lack of absolute 

 conformity, to type, is called by scientists, "tendency to variation." 

 Now you will easily see that this tendency to vary slightly from the norm- 

 al type may, under the very severe competition, that we were speaking of 

 a moment ago, work out favorably or unfavorably for the chances of 

 life of the individual. That is, a creature of a protectively-colored species 

 vary from the normal, in being a little more conspicuous than his broth- 

 ers, the odds are against him in the struggle. Nature simply says: — 

 "transgress in the wrong direction and death is the penalty." But if the 

 individual be so fortunate as to appear in a dress a little more protectively 

 colored than his fellow, he is at an advantage in the struggle, and not 

 only so, but we have a greater chance of perpetuating this advantageous 

 character to future generations, so that we see a favorable variation is 

 more likely to be perpetuated than an unfavorable one. This natural 

 weeding out of the unfortunates, and the sparing of the favored is what is 

 known as "natural selection." 



These few principles, the "Conformity to Type," accompanied by 

 a "Tendency to Variation," and the severe forces of nature working upon 

 these variations by the process of "Natural Selection," make up what is 

 commonly known as the "Theory of Evolution." 



Bt DMOTHS IN NOVA SCOTIA. 



By George E. Sanders, Field Officer in Charge 

 Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Annapolis Royal, N. S. 



There are known at present four species of budmoth which attack 

 the apple in Nova Scotia. The Eye Spotted Budmoth, Spitonota, (Tme- 

 tocera), ocellana Schiff, is the most common, far outnumbering all the 

 other species taken together. The next most common species is the Ob- 

 lique Banded Leaf Roller — Archips rosaceana* Horr, which is found in 

 greater or less numbers throughout the province, but only occasionally 

 in small localities, becoming a serious pest for a year or so, and then dis- 

 appearing. The third species, Olethreutes consanguinana, is found through- 

 out the western end of the Province, but has been found attacking 

 apples only about Kentville, where in some orchards it is doing an im- 

 mense amount of damage, apparently twenty-five per cent of the bud- 

 moth injury being done by this species. Olethreutes consanguinana was 

 recorded under the name 0. frigidana, as feeding on apple, for the first 

 time by the author in the Fiftieth Annual Report of the Nova Scotia 

 Fruit Growers' Association. The fourth species, the Lesser Budmoth, 

 Recurvaria nanella Hubn is a native of Europe, which has during the 

 *For full description see paper by A. G. Dustan, P — of this report. 



