PROCEEDINGS, 1916. 31 



black dot, surrounded by a depression, sometimes of sufficient depth to cause a notice- 

 able distortion of the fruit. A brown strand of hard dry tissue extends in to the core, 

 resembling the effect of a sucking insect's puncture, and sometimes mistaken for the 

 work of an apple maggot. 



CONTROL. 



Since the insect passes the winter inside the seed the collection and destruction oj 

 all drops in the fall should be effective. 



BITING INSECTS INJURING THE FRUIT OF THE APPLE 



IN NOVA SCOTIA. 



By G. E. Sanders, 

 Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Annapolis Royal, N. S. 



IN NOVA SCOTIA, while we have the same group of biting insects injuring the apple 

 fruit as are common to almost all of the other orchard sections of America we 

 have these groups in different proportion from almost any other important orchard 

 section. For instance, the codling moth which is the major pest in the orchards of the 

 middle and eastern States is a pest of minor importance in Nova Scotia, while the bud- 

 moths do perhaps more injury in this Province than in any other section of America. 

 Again the apple and plum curculios, which" are of such great importance on the apple 

 in the middle States, while present in Nova Scotia, the injury from them is so rare that 

 in six years work in the Annapolis Valley I have not yet seen a single specimen of injury 

 that I could with certainty identify as curculio work. 



Each of the different groups of insects injuring the apple fruit, of course, require 

 slightly different treatment, although most of them are to a certain extent controlled by 

 the sprays applied to control any one of the others; but, with the preponderance of any 

 one of them the sprays should be modified in order the better to control the particular 

 insect. This is one of the reasons why the dates and methods of spraying are to a cer- 

 tain extent different in Nova Scotia from what they are in almost any other section of 

 America. 



In preparing this paper I have borne in mind the fact that the maior portion of this 

 society is composed of teachers, and I am going to show you as well as I can all of the 

 common types of injury found in Nova Scotia, so that you can each do in your home 

 locality what we economic entomologists are constantly called upon to do, to identify 

 the carpenter by his work, or to identify the insect by its injury and prescribe remedies. 



We have two classes of fruit injury by biting insects; in the one we have the sur- 

 face of the apple bitten into and disfigured and no insect present at picking time, and 

 in the other we find a small hole bored into the apple, often the point of entrance so 

 small as to be scarcely noticeable, and the larva responsible for the injury quite often, 

 but not always, present when the fruit is picked. 



Injury of the first class may be done by any one of the four species of budmoths 

 present in the Province. Injury by the eye-spotted budmoth may be done either in 

 the early spring or in the late summer. In the spring the injury is done by the full green 

 larvae feeding in the blossom cluster and biting into such apples as are fortunate enough 

 to set in the infested cluster. The spring injury is by far the most serious, but is for- 

 tunately not the most common injury caused by the budmoth; a small hole or cavity 

 is usually eaten into the side of the young set which deforms the apple and the callous 



