32 N. S. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



formed over the injury is thick and hard and is very often covered with a white mold 

 which, contrary to what one might expect, seldom causes rot. 



Another type of injury belonging to this class may be caused by either the eye- 

 spotted budmoth, Spilonota oxcellana Schiff, or by the larger budmoth, Olethreutes con- 

 sanguinana Wlsm. The young larvae of both of these species will, soon after they em- 

 erge from the egg about midsummer, tie a leaf up to the apple, wherever possible, and 

 feed during the late summer and fall partly off the leaf and partly off the apple either 

 eating a series of irregular pits in the surface of the apple or connecting its feeding place? 

 to look like a series of irregular channels eaten through the skin. This type of injury is 

 always done under a leaf and can always be identified with certainty, not only by the 

 appearance of the scars, but by a leaf either fastened to the apple or the evidence of a 

 leaf having been fastened over the surface showing the scar. 



Another type of injury very similar to the last is that caused by the larvae of the 

 oblique-banded leaf roller, Archips rosaceana Harris. This insect does not always 

 tie down a leaf to cover its feeding and it feeds more deeply than either of the true bud- 

 moths. The injury in a manner resembles the feeding of the tussock-moth, but is more 

 localized, not being spread to such an extent over the surface of the apple. 



The injury of the true fruit worms also falls into this class. The most common in- 

 sect causing fruit worm injury in Nova Scotia is Xylina bethunei G&R, but we find that 

 Xylina antennata., X. cinerosa, X. laticinera, X. georgi and possibly others in the same 

 genus, as well as Scoplesoma trisfigmata, Calocampa nuvera and Calocampa curvimacula 

 all injure the fruit in the same manner; but owing to X. bethunei being more numerous 

 in Nova Scotia than all the others combined we may safely lay the majority of blame 

 for fruit-worm injury at the door of that species. The height of emergence of the fruit 

 worm larvae is just when the blossoms are showing pink, and during the blossom period 

 they feed on the leaves and blossoms, eating the corolla leaves, pistils and stamens to 

 an extent not often realized. As soon as the fruit sets the larvae begin feeding on it, eat- 

 ing round or elliptical holes about as deep as they are wide across, causing some 70 per 

 cent of the injured apples to fall to the ground, while in the remainder of the injuries 

 heal out to form characteristic scars, which may or may not be accompanied by defor- 

 mation of the fruit. The edge of the scar caused by fruit worm is usually very regular 

 in outline, either circular or oval, and the new growth or skin over the scar is often al- 

 most as smooth and as thin as the skin on the remainder of the apple. Injury to the ap- 

 ple by fruit worm ceases early in July. 



Another injury of the first class which this year is very common throughout the 

 fruit district is that of the tussock-moth. The larvae of the tussock emerge from the 

 egg during the last days of June and for a few days feed upon the leaf, later on eating 

 the apple fruit as readily as the leaf. The feeding of the tussock larvae on the fruit is 

 very different from that of the fruit worm. The fruit worm as a rule takes only one meal 

 from each apple while the tussock may take several meals from one apple, making wide 

 irregular shallow channels all over the surface of the fruit. The tussocks feed all thr- 

 ough the month of July and well on into August. The feeding does not deform the 

 fruit, but owing to the eaten area covering so wide a surface, and the wound coming too 

 late in the season for a true skin to form, a corky and comparatively thick callous is 

 formed which renders the injured apples more unsightly than those attacked by the fruit 

 worm. 



The second class of injury that we have to discuss is that caused by biting larvae 

 borng into the fruit, in which we are more likely than not to find the larvae imbedded 

 at picking time. The most common and widespread injury of this type is that of the 

 codling moth which, so far as we know, is single brooded in Nova Scotia, but as the one 

 brood is extended over such an enormous period as compared with other districts we 

 find the young larvae entering the fruit at the calyx end just as the blossoms fall, and 

 at the side for a month later. The larva of the codling moth is white in colour 



