3o8 



The Membracidae are little related to the Cicadidae, except 

 perhaps more or less superficially in venation and are closely 

 allied to the Tetigoniidae in all essentials; they have however 

 accjuired a peri)cndicularly shuated vertex and a remarkably 

 s]>ecialized pronotum. 



What Osboni means by special development of scutellum in 

 Cercopidae, I do not know, as this is far more highly developed 

 in size, presence of keels, etc., in many Fulgoroids. The Cer- 

 copidae are plainly Jassoids specialized in the direction of de- 

 gradation of flight organs, etc., but with more complicated 

 genitalia. 



It is the Fulgoroids which are certainly far and away ahead 

 of all the other .Vuchenorhxncihi. In the adult state and far 

 more so in the nymphal instars, the average Fulgoroid is a 

 mass of sensory organs. The antennae are crowded with them 

 (Szveseyia and Pliautasinatoccra in particular) and of very high 

 •degree of special organization. (In the other superfamilies they 

 are sparse, minute, and of a simple character.) 



The vertex in some adult forms (Achilidae, Derbidae, etc.), is 

 throng with them (much more so in the nymphs). In the 

 nymphs the nota are also crowded with them, and the tegmina 

 in the adults, along the veins. Some Tetigonioids have granu- 

 late tegminal veins, but this is very common in, e. g., many 

 Cixiinae in the Fulgoroids, while the anal vein of the clavus 

 in most Der'bidae is crowded with them. In Poekillopterinae, 

 the clavus, on veins and in between, is throng, character- 

 istically of the su'bfamily, with granulations, though these latter 

 may not be sensory; in this subfamily, the tegmina are often 

 very minutely and closely granulate in between the reticulations. 



The pronotum, contrary to Osborn's opinion, is specialized in 

 Ac'hilidae, Derbidae, etc., in a way not reached even in Stenocotis 

 among the Tetigoniidae. (Of course the Membracidae are ex- 

 cepted in this.) 



In the other superfamilies. the 'head is of a most ordinary 

 description, the ocelli placed, either dorsally or ventrally, some- 

 Avhere on the vertex between the eyes; in the Stenocotinae and 

 Kohavaln, they are in little grooves on the anterior margin of 

 the head. In the Fulgoroidea the head is almost always remark- 

 ably keeled, there seemihg in some forms to be a keel wherever 

 one can be placed; the side of the head is flattened and it is 

 there that the ocelli are placed, close to the eyes and anteimae. 

 Finally, the genitalia are very much the most specialized in the 

 Fulgoroidea. 



