CHAPTER X. 



THE SENSE AREAS AND THE ASSOCIATION AREAS OF 

 THE CORTEX, 



The delimitation of the sensory areas in the cortex is a matter 

 of very considerable difficulty, owing partly to the fact that the 

 determination of the presence or absence of certain states of con- 

 sciousness in the animal or person under observation cannot be 

 made except by indirect means, and partly no doubt to the fact 

 that the organization of the sensory mechanism in the brain is 

 more complex and diffuse than in the case of the motor apparatus. 

 Moreover, the distinction between what we may call simple sensa- 

 tions and the more complex psychical representations and judg- 

 ments of which these sensations form a necessary constituent can- 

 not be made clearly, even by the individual in whom the reactions 

 occur. We recognize in ourselves different stages in the degree of 

 consciousness aroused by sensory reactions. Our visual and 

 auditory sensations are clearly differentiated; but many of the 

 lower senses escape recognition in the individual himself, since the 

 state of consciousness accompanying them is of a lower order. 

 Our muscular sensations, for instance, are so indefinite as to be 

 practically subconscious. They are most important to us in every 

 act of our hves, yet the uninformed person is unconscious of the 

 existence of such a sensation, and if deprived of it might recognize 

 the defect only in the consequent loss of control of the voluntary 

 muscular movements. In the attempts to determine in what part 

 of the brain the various sensations are mediated every possible 

 method of inquiry has been used : the anatomical course of the 

 sensory paths, physiological experiments of stimulation and ablation, 

 and observations upon individuals with pathological or traumatic 

 lesions in the brain. The results of these investigations are pre- 

 sented briefly in the following pages. It may be helpful in con- 

 sidering these results to bear in mind the fundamental physiological 

 conception that each specialized sense is supposed to have its own 

 set of nerve fibers. These fibers after entering the cord in the 

 spinal nerves, or the brain in the cranial nerves, are assumed to 

 follow different intercentral paths, which eventually terminate in 

 the cortex of the cerebrum. The attempts made to localize these 

 senses in the cortex reduce themselves practically to a considera- 

 tion of the location of the termini of the several tracts. Investi- 



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