BINOCULAR VISION. 



375 



In binocular vision the same factor is doubtless of increased effi- 

 ciency by reason of the sensations obtained from the two eyes. 



While there is experimental evidence (Sherrington) that this factor plays 

 a role, it is a fact that the origin of the afferent fibers assumed to exist has not 

 been determined. Apparently, they do not come from the fifth nerve. 



(d) The disposition of lights and shades and the size of familiar 

 objects. It may be assumed that in distant vision of complex 

 fields the varying lights and shades exhibited by objects according 

 as they stand in front of or behind each other also aid our judg- 

 ment. The actual size also of the retinal images of familiar objects — 

 such as animals, trees, etc. — gives us an accessory fact which con- 

 tributes to the impression derived from the sources mentioned 

 above. These factors are employed with effect by the artist in 

 strengthening the general impression which he wishes to give of 

 the difference between the foreground and the background. 



The Binocular Perspective. — In binocular vision there is an 

 additional element which contributes greatly to our judgment of 

 depth. This element consists in the fact that the retinal images 

 of external objects, particularly near objects, are different in the two 

 eyes. Inasmuch as the eyes are separated by some distance the 

 projection of any solid object upon one retina is different from 

 the projection on the other. If a truncated pyramid is held in 

 front of the eyes, the right eye sees more of the right side, the left 

 more of the left side. The projection of the same object upon the 

 two retinas may, in fact, be represented by the drawings given in 

 Fig. 160. Whenever this condition prevails, whenever what we 

 may call a right-eyed image of an object is thrown on the right eye 

 and simultaneously a left-eyed image on the left eye, whether in 

 nature or by an artifice, we at once perceive depth or solidity in the 

 object. This fact is made use of in all devices employed to produce 

 stereoscopic vision. 



Stereoscopic Vision. — Stereoscopic pictures may be obtained 

 by photographing the 

 same object or collec- 

 tion of objects from 

 slightly different 

 points so as to get a 

 right-eyed and a left- 

 eyed picture ; or for 

 simple outline pic- 

 tures, such as geo- 

 metrical figures, they 

 may be made by draw- 

 ings of the object as seen by the two eyes, respectively (see Figs, 

 160 and 162). Any optical devices that will enable us to throw the 



L 



Fig. 160. — Right- and left-eyed images of truncated 

 pyramid. May be combined to produce solid image by 

 relaxing the accommodation, — that is, gazing to a dis- 

 tance through the book. 



