pastures (20); and the thrasher was quite as frequent in open woods 
(88) as in the orchard, and above its average in waste lands and in 
pastures (23 in each). - 
There were 42 species of birds seen and recognized in orchards 
on these summer trips in southern Illinois, and these taken together 
averaged 2,971 to the square mile in that situation. On the other hand, 
the just-mentioned ten species taken together averaged 2,096 to the 
square mile in orchards; and we have only 875 to the square mile of 
orchards for all the other 31 species. That is, 72 per cent. of all the 
birds found in orchards belonged to 26 per cent. of the species, and all 
the others taken together average only a little more than one to the 
acre of orchard—much too few to have any great importance in that 
situation. 
Farm and Commercial Orchards Compared—tThe foregoing dis- 
cussion of orchard birds is based on the data of a general survey of the 
country made without particular reference to any special kinds of crops, 
orchards being brought into the account only as they chanced to lie in the 
lines of travel taken. The entire orchard area surveyed, in fact, aggre- 
gated only 84 acres, which was about 1.5 per cent. of the whole area 
from which all the birds were determined. In order to get material for 
a better knowledge of the bird life of the southern Illinois orchard, a 
visit was made in 1908 to a commercial-orchard district extending from 
Centralia to Olney, and there the time was spent from August 19 to- 
September 15 of that year, exploring orchards primarily, and other situ- 
ations only as these were crossed in going from one orchard to another. 
The area covered by this survey aggregated 1,369 acres—about a fourth 
as much as was covered in the two summers of 1907 and 1909; but the 
orchard tracts examined aggregated 774.5-acres instead of the 84 acres 
of the more general surveys, and taken together made more than 56 
per cent. of the total area studied instead of the 1.5 per cent. in the 
other case. 
The distances traveled on all these several journeys were 7.8 miles 
through farm orchards and 129 miles through commercial orchards, 
and in both cases all the birds on a strip sixty feet wide were deter- 
mined and counted. 
Several interesting differences were made out by a comparison of 
the products of these two kinds of surveys. In the first place, the num- 
ber of birds per square mile of all crops was, as we should expect, con- 
siderably greater in the commercial-orchard district than in the farm- 
land area—945 as compared with 769—a difference of nearly a fourth 
in favor of the commercial-orchard district. Nevertheless, the number 
of birds per square mile of orchards was much greater in the general 
farm surveys of 1907 and 1909 than in the orchard district survey of 
1908—2,969 to the orchard mile in the former and only 945 in the 
latter. That is, a square mile of commercial orchards contained only 
about a third as many birds on an average as a square mile of farm 
