— we 
203 
Birps In SMALL GRAIN AND IN STUBBLE 
Wheat and oats, judging by our data, offer very similar inducements 
(or lack of special inducements) to birds, but with one notable exception, 
that of the mourning dove, of which ten times as many to the square mile 
were found in fields of wheat as in oats (141 to 14, respectively). 
Differences seen in the numbers of the gregarious and erratic cow- 
birds and grackles seem to have little significance, and may probably 
be attributed mainly to the mere chances of unequal distribution, but 
with these species eliminated, the numbers of birds in wheat exceed 
those in oats by about 34 per cent. 
NUMBERS PER SQUARE MILE OF PRINCIPAL BIRDS 
IN SMALL GRAIN AND STUBBLE, WHOLE STATE, 
Summers or 1907 anp 1909 
(Wheat, rye, and barley, 822 acres; oats, 2486; 
stubble, 1069.) 
Species Wheat*| Oats Stubble 
Quail 14 4 9 
Mourning dove 141 14 40 
Prairie horned lark 24 5 11 
Crow 21 12 11 
Bobolink 4 16 23 
Cowbird 121 11 at 
Red-winged blackbird 26 21 1 
Meadowlark 47 50 89 
Bronzed grackle 156 92 4 
English sparrow 147 163° 159 
Goldfinch 8 10 10 
Dickcissel 27 28 1 
Cliff swallow 2 3 12 
Robin 3 4 8 
All birds 827 514 669 
* Includes rye and barley. 
Fields of small grain would seem to undergo so great a change as 
bird resorts as the grain is cut and shocked, that we might well have 
anticipated a marked contrast in the species and numbers found in them 
after harvest, but our table does not confirm this expectation, the 
differences between stubble fields and those of uncut grain being chiefly 
in the gregarious cowbirds and blackbirds, and otherwise not noticeably 
greater than those between fields of oats and wheat. 
As a further test of this conclusion, we have tabulated separately 
the numbers of all species found in fields of small grain, before harvest 
and after the grain had been cut and shocked, but we find few consistent 
