208 
also, to life among trees. Nothing of the sort can be said of the birds 
of the pasture or the stubble field or of other distinguishable vegetation 
areas of the open country. 
The forest is a more complex environment: than the meadow or 
the grain field, and its bird society is less dominated by a few con- 
spicuous species. Thirty-one of the fifty species of our list were, in 
fact, necessary to bring our total of the more abundant kinds up to 
85 per cent. of the whole number of birds; and the most abundant of 
these, the blue jay and the field sparrow, averaged only 194 and 131 
to the square mile respectively. These were followed by the flicker, 
with 97 to the square mile, the robin, with 86, the brown thrasher 
and crested flycatcher, 69 each, and these, in order of numbers, 
by the wood pewee, crow, and mourning dove, with other species in 
ratios gradually decreasing to 17 to the square mile. The aggressive 
and presuming English sparrow, usually at the top of our lists, was in 
PRINCIPAL WOODLAND BirpS (85 PER 
CENT, List) 
IN ORDER OF NUMBERS PER SQUARE MILE, 
WHOLE STATE, SUMMERS OF 1907 
AND 1909 
Blue jay 194 
Field sparrow 131 
Flicker 97 
Robin 80 
Crested flycatcher 68 
Brown thrasher 69 
Wood pewee 63 
Crow 63 
Mourning dove 51 
Red-headed woodpecker 51 
Towhee 51 
Indigo bunting 51 
Tufted titmouse 51 
Bronzed grackle 46 
English sparrow 46 
Cardinal 46 
Bluebird 46 
Redstart 46 
Goldfinch 40 
Quail 34 
Downy woodpecker 34 
Cowbird 34 
Red-winged blackbird 34 
Maryland yellow-throat 34 
Bewick’s wren 34 
Dickcissel 23 
Black and white warbler 23 
Wood thrush 23 
Turkey vulture 17 
Sparrow hawk 17 
Yellow-bellied flycatcher 17 
ee 
