211 
COMPARISON OF NUMBERS PER SQUARE MILE OF THE 
MORE ABUNDANT BIRDS IN ORCHARDS AND IN OPEN Woops, 
SUMMERS oF 1907 AND 1909 
(IN ORDER OF NUMBERS IN ORCHARDS) 
Birds Orchard | Woods (weighted) * 
English sparrow 2039 98 
Mourning dove 256 109 
Quail 212 73 
Field sparrow 190 280 
Bronzed grackle 158 98 
Robin 152 184 
Brown thrasher 125 148 
Orchard oriole 120 24 
Blue jay 116 415 
Catbird 103 13 
Mockingbird 77 0 
Flicker 76 208 
Red-headed woodpecker 44 109 
Chickadee 33 109 
Crested fly-catcher 16 148 
Indigo bunting 0 109 
Wood pewee 0 135 
Crow 0 135 
Towhee 0 109 
Cardinal 0 98 
Tufted titmouse 0 109 
Redstart 0 98 
*To get the actual numbers per square mile found in 
woods, divide the numbers of this column by 2.14. 
course, enormously predominant, making nearly half the total number 
of birds seen. The bronzed grackle was about half, and the cowbird 
about a third, as abundant as the sparrow. These three species together 
averaged 2820 to the.square mile, leaving but 598 to the mile for all the 
other fifty-nine species seen in this situation. If to these three super- 
abundant birds we add seven others, of which the robin, meadowlark, 
flicker, mourning dove, mockingbird, and chimney swift were the most 
numerous, we shall include 90 per cent. of the whole number of yard 
and garden birds on our survey list. 
The record is much distorted, however, by the occurrence in fall 
of large flocks of blackbirds and cowbirds during the period of their 
assemblage for migration; but even if we ignore these flocks, the crow- 
blackbird still stands next to the sparrow in numbers, although the 
cowbird drops quite out of the list of the more abundant species. If we 
omit the sparrows, we have remaining native birds equivalent to 1883 
to the square mile, and if we exclude also the flocks of cowbirds and 
crow-blackbirds as merely aimless visitors which chanced to settle on 
the trees of the farmyard as a temporary convenience, we have a residue 
