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(Q. marilandica) is another inferior oak which comes in thickly on 
burned lands. 
List of “black oaks” :— 
Quercus rubra. Red oak (sometimes called sour oak). 
Quercus velutina. Black oak, yellow oak. 
Quercus palustris. Pin oak, water oak. 
Quercus coccinea. Scarlet oak. 
Quercus falcata. Spanish oak (around Vienna). 
Quercus imbricaria. Shingle oak (leaves resembling those of 
willow oak). 
Black Oak or Red Oak Group—The main trees coming under the 
red oak group, as it is generally called, are red oak, black oak, pin oak, 
scarlet oak, Spanish oak (around Vienna), and shingle oak. 
These oaks go into the furniture and veneer trade; but with the 
development of wood preservation it has been found that red oak ties can 
be made as durable as white oak by the use of creosote or zinc chloride. 
The pin oak (Q. palustris), often called water oak, and the shingle oak 
(Q. imbricaria) are sold as black oaks, although the latter is more prop- 
erly classed with the willow oaks. 
Liriodendron tulipifera. Yellow Poplar. Tulip-tree-——The tulip-tree 
is more likely to be found in the cooler ravines and small coves, along with 
beech and white oak, or in small undrained depressions where the seed 
finds proper light and germinating conditions, as it is intolerant of shade. 
Seedlings of this tree are also found in old fields which are growing up 
to sassafras and persimmon, where the soil has started to erode along 
the ravines. It makes an ideal wood for all kinds of exterior house- 
finish, such as siding, porch columns, and cornice, taking paint and resist- 
ing the weather remarkably well. In this region it is more likely to be 
used for veneers for baskets or sawed into rough lumber. The wood 
works easily and is sought by cabinet-makers for this reason. It can be 
distinguished from the cucumber-tree by the fact that its vessels are of the 
pitted variety, while those of the cucumber-tree are scalariform—a char- 
acter to be made out only by the use of a compound microscope on the 
tangential surface of the wood. It is a tree of rapid growth and should 
be encouraged wherever there are seed trees and favorable conditions. 
Fagus grandifolia. Beech—tvThis is a tree which does well in shade, 
and hence grows on the northern slopes, along with hard maple. We 
could not find that it discriminates between limestone soils and cherty 
soils, as it is found on both. The beech has a heavy, strong wood, re- 
sembling birch and hard maple, but it can be distinguished from either 
of them by the fact that the pith rays are quite distinct and about twice 
as wide as the diameter of the largest spring pores. Within the last few 
