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box boards for crockery crates. Main Brothers use the drainage ditches 
to float cypress to the mill. This species is easily recognized by its but- 
tressed base and “cypress knees,” and by the way in which it towers above 
the other swamp species. Reproduction is at too low an ebb to produce 
another crop after the present one is cut, and it is being succeeded by 
hardwoods. 
Juniperus virginiana. Red Cedar.—This tree, of some importance 
for fence posts, often occurs in pure stands on limestone outcrops along 
river bluffs and scattered over old pastures. Some 235 stem analyses of 
this tree were made by the State Natural History Survey in co-operation 
with the State Department of Agriculture to determine its rate of growth 
under different conditions. It is injurious in fruit regions because it 
bears the teleutospore stage of the apple rust in the so-called cedar apples. 
Fraxinus americana. White Ash. Gray Ash—The white ash is found 
as a bottomland species, associated with such trees as beech, sugar maple, 
linden, elm, and red oak, preferring openings where there is considerable 
light. In such situations and with good soil conditions it produces a tall 
clean stem. The sap-wood is white and the heartwood light brown, the 
wood being heavy, hard, strong, and elastic. Its main uses are for 
handles, athletic goods, butter-tubs, car and vehicle stock, automobiles, 
and implements. Like hickory, the second-growth ash is stronger than 
old growth, because of the larger proportion of fiber in the summer wood. 
Clear ash down to a length of four feet can be sold in the form of bolts 
for handles. 
Fraxinus lanceolata. Green Ash—The green ash is found in wetter 
situations than white ash, with such trees as white elm, red and silver 
maple, cottonwood, aspens, linden, and even with cypress. The wood 
is similar to that of white ash but is inferior in mechanical properties. 
It succeeds well in plantations, but is subject in this state to injury by 
the oyster-shell scale. 
Acer saccharum. Hard Maple—This is one of the best of the 
maples and is commonly associated with beech in the shadier situations, 
maple being very tolerant of shade. Hard maple is a good wood for 
furniture, flooring, and interior finish, and makes a good railway tie 
when treated. It is also suitable for the manufacture of basket veneers, 
and in this region most of it goes into the market for this purpose. Nat- 
ural reproduction only takes place in shady, moist situations, such as are 
found in some of the ravines and small bottoms along streams. 
Acer saccharinum. Soft Maple—This tree occurs in the bottoms 
along with sycamore, elm, hackberry, and gums, and is used largely for 
veneers and railroad ties. It grows well from sprouts and should be 
successfully raised on the coppice system for charcoal. From the silvery 
appearance of the under side of the leaf it is sometimes called the “silver 
