411 
necessary to make up the 85 per cent. list; and in the much greater 
irregularity of numbers per square mile in the different sections and 
habitats. Meadows seem, in short, from our data to be a much less 
attractive situation for birds than pastures in winter as well as in sum- 
mer, most of those found there being wandering flocks of gregarious 
_ species. The contrast was especially strong in southern Illinois, where 
the more abundant list contained three species in meadows and eleven 
in pastures. The inadequacy of our data for meadows is especially 
shown, however, by the numbers in central Illinois, where, with a meadow 
_ acreage two-thirds that of northern Illinois, the number of birds per 
square mile was less than a fifth as large, a fact of which we can offer 
no plausible explanation except that the data of our record are too few 
to give us fair averages where the birds ate so largely gregarious.* 
NUMBERS PER SQUARE MILE oF THE PRINCIPAL WINTER Brrps 1N MEADpows 
Southern Central Northern 
Bpeties Illinois Illinois Illinois ae 
Quail 122 0 0 19* 
Prairie horned lark 14 23 6 13* 
Blue jay 0 10 0 3 
Crow . 0 6 40 23* 
Meadowlark 340 0 0 54* 
Lapland longspur 0 0 332 169* 
Tree sparrow 0 10 6 6* 
Slate-colored junco 0 10 0 3 
Total 476 59. lp 384 290 
*The figures starred make up 85 per cent of the total number of winter birds 
in Illinois meadows. 
The southern Illinois area of 22% acres of swamp brought under 
observation yielded 42 birds of eleven species, of which three, however, 
were hawks and one a turkey vulture. The others, excepting a single 
bluebird, were ~-all distinctively woodland species. The acreage is so 
small that the frequency figures have but little value. 
; Our woodland area of 317 acres, two-thirds of which is in southern 
‘Illinois, was well stocked with birds for the winter season—1591 of 
them to the square mile in southern, 679 in central, and 447 in northern 
Illinois. The general state average per square mile was 1239, representing 
thirty-one species, twenty-nine of which are in the southern Illinois list, 
eleven in the central, and ten in the northern. The commonest species 
was the junco, the next the blue jay, the next the turkey vulture, and 
then the tufted titmouse, all prominent on the state list because of their 
dominance in southern Illinois. Seven of the 87 per cent. woodland 
list were, in fact, seen in southern Illinois only, namely, the quail, turkey 
*For a discussion of gregarious and solitary species, see Article 6, Volume 
XIV, already cited. 
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