60 
or fifth segment; and T. vulgaris Rob. is supposed to oviposit on the 
dorsum of the abdomen. In all cases the eggs are laid transversely and 
securely glued to the integument of the grub. It is interesting to recall 
in this connection some observations made by the writer in Illinois in 
1907 while working under the direction of Dr. S. A. Forbes. The posi- 
tion of Tiphia eggs and larvae on grubs was noted in many cases while 
grubs were being collected behind the plow, and in every case, in spring 
and early summer, the eggs or larvae were found on the under side of 
the thorax and between the legs of the white-grub and may have been 
those of Tiphia inornata. In fall, on the other hand—that is during 
September and October—of the 63 eggs and larvae of Tiphia observed, 
28 (probably T. vulgaris) were on the dorsal surface of the abdomen 
near the anal end; 24 (probably T. punctata) on the dorsum of the 
thorax; and 1 (probably 7. inornata) was on the under side of the 
thorax. 
The time of appearance of the wasps differs with the species, T. 
punctata and T. transversa appearing relatively late in the season, usually 
in the latter part of July or the first of August, while T. inornata appears 
early, that is from the latter part of April to the middle of May, and 
T. vulgaris issues from early May to July according to our records, 
which are meager for this species. Relatively speaking, inornata appears 
first, then vulgaris, and finally transversa and punctata, and since the 
wasps may live for a month or more, the species overlap considerably. 
The appearance of the different species at different seasons accounts 
for the supposition that Tiphia has several generations in a year; but 
our records show that under normal conditions there is only one annual 
brood in the latitude of Indiana. 
Adult Tiphias are often found in June and later, on the flowers of 
such common roadside weeds as wild parsnip, aster, goldenrod, and 
milkweed, the males always predominating, but more often the female 
wasps are to be found in the fields, on the surface of the ground, or 
making short flights. The males are capable of making extended flights, 
but this the females are tinable to do—except possibly for the first few 
days after emerging from the cocoons—owing to the larger size of the 
abdomen as compared with that of the wings. Usually the female wasps 
are found walking about over the surface of the ground in a quick, 
agitated manner, sometimes making short flights or jumps, with antennae 
continuously in motion, searching for evidences of their hosts. They 
make use of cracks, earthworm burrows, and possibly also of ant tunnels, 
in gaining an entrance into the soil, but not infrequently dig in directly, 
being admirably fitted to work their way through rather heavy soil with 
little apparent effort. 
Outside of our cages, we have noticed copulation only in cultivated 
fields and along roadways, and always on the surface of the ground. 
Fertilization is not necessary to hatching, for we have often obtained 
fertile eggs from unfertilized females, but these eggs invariably yielded 
males. Phyllophaga grubs are the principal hosts of Tiphia, but we 
