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value as enemies of Phyllophaga: robin (Planesticus migratorius) ,* 
Franklin’s gull (Larus franklini)*, red-winged blackbird (Agelaius 
phoeniceus)*, killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus)*, horned lark (Otocoris 
alpestris)*, ruffed grouse (bonosa wmbellus)*, upland plover (Bar- 
tramia longicauda)*, meadow-lark (Sturnella magna* and probably S. 
neglecta), brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufwm), phoebe (Sayornis 
phoebe), cuckoo (Coccysus erythrophthalmus), screech owl (Otus asio), 
barred owl (Strix varia)*, great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), East- 
ern bluebird (Sialia sialis), house wren (Troglodytes aedon)*, prairie 
chicken (Tympanuchus americanus), quail, or bob-white (Colinus vir- 
ginianus), sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius)*, broad-winged hawk 
(Buteo platypterus)*, red-shouldered hawk (Suteo lineatus), red-tailed 
hawk (Buteo borealis), scissor-tailed fly-catcher (Musctvora forficata), 
crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), and the English sparrow 
(Passer domesticus)*. (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 19, 20, 21, 35, 41, 42, 50, 61, 
66.) > 
Mr. Norman Criddle (14) mentions the robin, flicker, grackle or 
crow blackbird, cowbird, and gull as enemies of grubs, but the crow is 
said to rank highest according to observations made in Manitoba, Can- 
ada. The cowbird (Molothrus ater), although having a bad reputation, 
is said to be an excellent destroyer of white-grubs, usually eating the 
smaller ones, but when these are not available killing the larger ones by 
biting their heads and eating only parts of the grubs. Mr. A. C. Burrill 
mentions (11) the herring gull (Larus argentatus) as feeding on May- 
beetles, but its actual usefulness in this connection is not known. 
The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), which was introduced 
into this country within comparatively recent years, was reported to us 
in 1915 as an active destroyer of Cyclocephala grubs occurring in lawns 
at Staten Island, N. Y., and according to Mr. E. H. Forbush (27) it 
likewise feeds on May-beetles and white-grubs. Whether its appearance 
in this country will eventually prove a menace to fruit crops or to the 
more beneficial native birds, can not as yet be foreseen. 
In his study of the food habits of the English sparrow (Passer 
domesticus), Dr. C. V. Riley (61) found that 7 out of 92 stomachs 
examined contained grubs or May-beetles, while 40 contained the remains 
of either Tiphia or Myzine sex-cincta (=Elis 5-cincta), both of which 
are now known to be very important white-grub parasites. This particu- 
lar study certainly shows this sparrow as noxious in its relation to the 
white-grub, but it has been seen to follow the plow more or less and to 
destroy grubs. At Elk Point, S. Dak., Mr. C. N. Ainslie, of the Bureau 
of Entomology, saw both English and field sparrows feeding on grubs 
exposed by a corn lister. At Lancaster, Wis., an observing farmer, Mr. 
Holzinger, told us of the inestimable value of birds in destroying grubs, 
mentioning especially the blackbirds and English sparrows. | When 
plowing a sod field in 1912 he saw a sparrow following the plow. It 
pecked at five grubs without eating one and then ate the sixth, and upon 
* Those starred eat both beetles and grubs; others, only beetles 
