556 
Hypericum punctatum, H. Drummondu, H. gentianoides, Viola papilio- 
nacea, V. pedatifida, V. sagittata, Phlox glaberrima, P. pilosa, Gaura 
biennis, Eryngium, yuccifolium, Dodecatheon Meadia, Asclepias tuberosa, 
A. Sullivantu, Acerates floridana, Pycnanthemum flexuosum, Veronica 
virginica, Ruellia ciliosa, Vernonia illinoensis, V. missurica, Liatris 
squarrosa, L. spicata, Solidago nemoralis, S. graminifolia, Aster multi- 
florus, Silphium lacimatum, S. terebinthinaceum, Parthenium integrifo- 
lium, Heliopsis helianthoides, H. scabra, Rudbeckia hirta, R. triloba, 
Lepachys pinnata, Helianthus mollis, H. grosseserratus, Coreopsis pal- 
mata, Cacalia tuberosa, C. atriplicifolia, Lactuca canadensis, and Prenan- 
thes aspera. 
Forest invasion in this association in the absence of erosion is simi- 
lar to that described for Panicum virgatum (p. 555). See plates LXXVI, 
LXXVII. 
The Andropogon scoparius Association—Andropogon scoparius, 
Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum Scribnerianum, Stipa spartea, Aristida 
oligantha, Sporobolus heterolepis, Danthonia spicata Comandra umbel- 
lata, Cassia Chamaecrista, Tephrosia virgimana, Lespedceza capitata, Eu- 
phorbia corollata, Eryngium yuccifolium, Asclepias verticillata, Scutel- 
laria parvula, Pentstemon hirsutus, Ruellia ciliosa, Diodia teres, Kuhnia 
eupatoriodes, Liatris scariosa, Solidago nemoralis, S. rigida, S. gramini- 
folia, Aster ericoides, A. depauperatus, A. multiforus, Brauneria pallida, 
Helianthus mollis, and Coreopsis palmata. 
Most of these plants are also found as secondary species on well- 
established Andropogon scoparius associations on sand such as the one 
shown in Plate LXXIV. There are also. certain secondary species in 
this association remaining as relics from more xerophytic associations 
on sand: Ambrosia, psilostachya, Callirhoé triangulata, Bouteloua hirsuta, 
Helianthus occidentalis, Aster sericeus, A. linariifolius, Cyperus filiculmis, 
and Koeleria cristata. Many others occur during the earlier stages of 
the Andropogon associations on sand. 
The secondary species of the mixed grass association on sand are 
practically the same as those listed for the Andropogon scoparius asso- 
ciation. 
The chief grasses in the pioneer bunch-grass and Panicum pseudo- 
pubescens associations on sand have already been listed. Further de- 
tails regarding secondary species in these two associations may be ob- 
tained from the annotated list or, better, from Gleason’s paper (9) on 
“The Vegetation of the Inland Sand Deposits of Illinois.” 
The association of coarse herbs on denuded and eroding soils is 
rather variable, depending upon the water content of the soil and the 
proximity of plants. producing seeds. Several farm weeds and many 
of the coarse herbs listed for the two Andropogon associations may 
occur on these areas and in a great variety of different combinations. 
