4; 



ing the remaining village and urban population, is 115.7 per square 

 mile, which is exceeded only by eight states, namely, 



Rhode Island 566.4 New York 317.9 



Massachusetts ....479.2 Pennsylvania 194.5 



New Jersey 420.0 Maryland 145.8 



Connecticut 286.4 Ohio 141.4 



In all densely populated states, it is evident that industries other 

 than fanning must support a very large proportion of the population 

 and wage-earners. These immense urban populations do not live as 

 parasites on the labor of the farmer. It is not surprising therefore to 

 note that Illinois ranks third in manufacturing, being outranked only 

 by New York and Pennsylvania, and exceeding Massachusetts and other 

 states in which manufacturing is paramount and agriculture of little 

 importance. Transjx)rtation ranks next to agriculture and manufactur- 

 ing in importance as an employer of labor and capital. The fourth great 

 industry in Illinois is mining in which the state outranks all but three 

 other states, Pennsylvania and West Virginia where coal is of first im- 

 portance, and Oklahoma whose value is found in oil. Bituminous coal 

 is what gives Illinois fourth rank in mining. 



The relative importance to the state of these four main branches 

 of industry may be gaged first as giving employment to labor, second 

 as representing invested capital, and third as to the value of their prod- 

 ucts. Their statistical rank is set forth in tables on p. 48. 



The differences between these four groups are brought out by the 

 totals. Manufacturing takes materials valued by the U. S. Census of 

 1919 at $3,448,270,446 and by employing approximately twice the num- 

 ber of persons shown by its nearest competitor, agriculture, adds about 

 l}i times the total valuation of farm products. This requires an in- 

 vestment of relatively one half the cajjital required in agriculture. 



Agriculture, because of the permanent productiveness of the soil and 

 its limited area, has thus already been cajiitalized at a value nearly four 

 times as great in proportion to gross income as in manufacturing, and 

 with correspondingly lower margin for profits. By working longer 

 hours, and by the part time emjjioyment of minors, farmers produce a 

 greater value per person employed than is produced in factories with the 

 aid of the power obtained from fuel and machinery. The great factory 

 for food products represented by the fertile soil and equable climate of 

 Illinois is effectively utilized. The high investment of capital per person 



